Minimum Wage And Its Effect On The Economy - 1015 Words

The In today’s society, people face to many serious issues which affect the society both in a positive and negative ways such as increasing the employment rate and increasing the unemployment rate. The increasing of unemployment rate is caused by some reasons, and one of the problem that causes the high unemployment rate is the issue of minimum wage. Depending on the states in U.S., the price of minimum wage is different, but the low minimum wage may cause the economic condition worse. Minimum wage is the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay. This wage is regulated by the law, so all workers must follow this rule. According to the book, â€Å"Minimum Wages†, the author Neumark, David states, â€Å"in 1938, the U.S. Congress passed a federal minimum wage as part of the Fair Labor Standard Act† (Neumark 1). Since that time, the minimum wage has been regulating and controlling by the law. This minimum wage causes a bad effect to the economy because nobody wants to work with low wage. Therefore, the number of people who quit a job has been increasing, and because of this, the unemployment rate is going to be higher. This issue may cause a big impact to our society and economy in the near future. First of all, if the number of workers quit a job because of the minimum wage, the company will lose workers. Also, a worker who quit a job will lose a job and do not want to start working because all the companies have the same amount of minimum wage. Therefore, it is better for theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Minimum Wage On The Economy1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Minimum Wage on the Economy The controversial topic about increasing minimum wage is debated countless times over the years. Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay an employee permitted by law. The contemporary federal minimum wage is $7.25. Minimum wage applies to all domestic workers but teenagers are the main receivers of minimum wage. Minimum wage has a major effect on the economy. The question is are the effects positive or negative. There are many arguments on whetherRead MoreThe Effect Of Minimum Wage On The Economy Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesI agree with this article, written by Niels Veldhuis, to the extent that minimum wage negatively affects the economy, by increasing unemployment. However, if I were Veldhuis I would have added that the social values of minimum wage may outweigh the negative effects on the economy. This matter is a value judgement, which cannot be proved right or wrong by economics. Veldhuis supports his statement with proof from studies; I will explain these findin gs with further microeconomic theory. I will discussRead MoreThe Effect of Minimum Wage on the American Economy800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effect of Minimum Wage on the American Economy A sensitive topic for many Americans is their income. Many people’s income relies on minimum wage. In 2012, 3.6 million people received an hourly pay at or below the national minimum wage. There is an ongoing debate in Congress as to what the national minimum wage should be. Currently at $7.25, Obama has suggested raising the national minimum wage to $9.00. Depending on a person’s economic perspective, raising minimum wage could be positive or negativeRead MoreThe Effect Of Minimum Wage On The Economy Of The United States932 Words   |  4 Pagesrule of currency has a major effect toward the amount an individual owns. The current world economy, labor is required in order to supply services to whomever is willing to buy. The amount of money distributed and earned throughout the economy feeds the nation s GDP, which shows the stability of the overall economy of that nation. There is an imaginary sequence that must be established in an economy in order to balance both lab or and revenue to stabilize a country’s economy. Labor is an importantRead MoreThe Effects of Raising the Minimum Wage on US Economy1507 Words   |  6 Pagesyear, the minimum wage has been increasing from less than a dollar to $7.25 now. The question that comes to everybody is that should we increase the minimum wage by too far. Does the minimum wage increase reduce the unemployment since now the current wage is high enough? Some people might think that we should increase the minimum wage in order to increase the labor supply. However, if we think deeply than this, there are more disadvantages than advantages of increasing the minimum wage. The fartherRead MoreThe Effect Of Minimum Wage On The Economy Of The United States905 Words   |  4 Pagesrule of currency has major effect toward the amount an individual owns. In the world economy labor is required in order to supply services to whomever is willing to buy. The amount of money distributed and earned throughout the economy feeds the nation s GDP which shows the stabil ity of the overall economy of that nation. There is an imaginary cycle that must be established in an economy in order to balance both labor and revenue in order to stabilize a country economy. Labor is an importantRead MoreA Brief Note On Raising Minimum Wage1088 Words   |  5 PagesBrendan Mason Mrs. Scruggs 08/07/15 Raising minimum Wage There is always talk about the problems of North Carolina’s economy, and these problems then become publicized and put throughout the media, informing people on the condition of their state’s economy. A popular topic lately is the state’s minimum wage, and whether it should be raised or if we should keep the current minimum wage. Usually, opinions vary on what to do about minimum wage, however there certainly seems to be a larger group ofRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal940 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage is now at a steady $7.25 per hour and shows no sign of increasing anytime soon. There are states right now at the time that are trying to raise the minimum wage, and see how this will effect the economy of the area. As prices continue to increase in every day expenses, it becomes hard for us to keep up and be able to provide for our family or get even the basic necessities that we may need. People are saying that with more money, they will spend more back to the economy, thus helpingRead MoreMinimum Wage At The United States1129 Words   |  5 Pagesintended to raise the current minimum wage floor of $7.25 in the United States stalled in Congress. As the November election approaches, many Democratic senate members are placing the issue of minimum wage at the forefront of their election campaigns, hoping to sway working-class voters in their favor. The issue of minimum wage has become a matter of politics, politics which far overshadow the far more pertinent concern of minimum wage’s economic effects. Minimum wage is a complex issue, and understandingRead MoreEffect Of Raising Minimum Wage1215 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Raising Minimum Wage The minimum wage in this country has been a controversial issue. Many people believe it will help reduce poverty and boost the economy. However, they are not looking at the downfalls this will bring to our country. This could make the unemployment population rise, it will raise prices of other things, and would have little effect on reducing poverty. Raising the minimum wage would have a negative influence on our country. This movement throughout our country

Enterprise architecture Free Essays

string(692) " and data being shared, tracked, and monitored\? Are all data models included in existing systems\? – When – Are the scenarios, events, and business cycles reflected in existing systems\? – Whereas – Do all identified locations have access to the existing systems\? – Whys – Do existing systems reflect our goals and objectives, long-term strategic plans, tactical plans, performance measures, budgets, and business rules\? – Wows – Have improved activities and processes been included in existing systems, and do they reflect end-to-end processing\? CIO: I am interested in how you would increase responsibilities of organizations and actors\." February 12, 2011 This article includes my thoughts about the business architecture, Cloud Computing, Business Process Management (BPML), and Business Rules. This article consists of a conversation between the CIO and Enterprise Architect. It is a product of my imagination. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterprise architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now CIO: I don’t want you to use the word â€Å"consolidation. † Instead, use the word â€Å"integration. † I am worried that someone will think that we are working on the consolidation of programs or organizations, rather than improving our architecture to serve the business. Again, I don’t want you to get involved in discussions about hanging the organization structure of the agency. How do you see your roll vs.. The rolls of the other directors? Enterprise Architect: I would like to support them with the knowledge I have at my disposal, but they are not interested. One day they may realize how they can use the Enterprise Architecture. I think of Enterprise Architecture as the substructure, which supports the business, the superstructure. The Director of Capital Planning and Investment Control should use the Enterprise Architecture migration plan to formulate future investments. A portion of the Enterprise Architecture has security concerns, including all 4 layers: cuisines, applications, data, and technology. We develop standards for all layers of the Enterprise Architecture, except business standards; although, we may be asked to coordinate some business standards. Both communications and security should use the models contained in the Enterprise Architecture Framework or propose changes to the models in the framework. CIO: What do you want me to do? Enterprise Architect: Get the cooperation of your direct reports. CIO: You will get it. Go over the business architecture, current architecture, and target architectures again. Enterprise Architect: The comparison between the business and current architecture is the foundation for the data, applications, and technology target architectures. This comparison answers the question, â€Å"Are we satisfying our business requirements in the current architecture? † The business architecture or model includes the following: – Defines the mission and objectives, long-range strategies, tactical plans, performance measures, budgets, and business rules. Why) – Defines the information and data that is shared, monitored, and tracked. (What) – Defines the activities that are performed and a description of each. How) – Defines the organizations and actors performing the activities. (Who) – Defines where the activities are performed. (Where) – Defines the business cycles and when activities or processes are performed. (When) In the busines s architecture, we develop mappings between all 6 of the Coachman interrogatories, including who, what, when, where, why, and how. The business architecture is mapped to the current architecture, and then opportunities for improvement are documented. Targets are developed for data, applications, and the technology layers of the architecture using the business architecture and other analyses. The business architecture constitutes our requirements at the agency level. CIO: This is the first time I have heard about opportunities for improvement. Are you going to produce a report with recommendations as a result of the comparison between the business architecture and the current architecture? Enterprise Architect: Yes. Here is the way it works: 1. Create the Business Architecture We produce a business architecture, which reflects the current way of doing business and contains all sorts of information and data associated with the 6 interrogatives in the Coachman Framework. We also develop mappings between the interrogatives. The business architecture describes the current business practices, including, data, processes, etc. 2. Map the Business Architecture to the Current Architecture and Identify Opportunities for Improvement We propose a draft listing of the conceptual projects and associated common applications/components and data objects and progressively refine it. We produce a current architecture, which tells us about the existing systems. We map the business architecture to the current architecture and we may find out, for example, that there are a large number of current systems associated with a single activity or no systems associated with other activities. All current projects are mapped to the conceptual projects. 3. Create the Data, Applications, and Technology Target Architectures based on the Business Architecture and Other Analyses We produce data, applications, and technology target architectures, which are partially based on the business architecture. Also, we use BPML, technology forecasts, judgments about the future uses and characteristics of information, opportunities to automate aspects of work, future business trends, new 2 goals/objectives and plans, etc. As the basis for coming up with the target architectures. 4. Compare the Current Architecture with the Target Architectures and Produce a Gap Analysis and a Migration Plan The business architecture helps us to evaluate the present and to propose the future. We use the business architecture as a resource wherever we can; for example, it might contribute to BPML and business rules and visa versa. We are concentrating on an application architecture now, and we will issue several versions. As more analyses are completed, we will refine the applications architecture. We will move to data and technology layers soon. CIO: How do I know what you are going to include in each version? Enterprise Architect: There is no overall version plan. We probably should include BPML in the second version of the applications architecture. We previously developed a longer plan to implement Enterprise Architecture. CIO: I think that there should be a version plan. Also, â€Å"soon† is not an adequate answer. I am beginning to be irritated with the staggered development of the Enterprise Architecture. Enterprise Architect: We can come up with a version plan, and give you the long-term plan for the completion of the application, data, and technology target architectures. CIO: You are going to produce a report entitled: â€Å"Opportunities for Improvement† after you have completed the business architecture and have compared it with the current architecture. Maybe you should consider it a â€Å"rolling stone† and Just keep updating it. Enterprise Architect: The â€Å"Opportunities for Improvement Report† might include the following: – Whoso – Who is missing or not being informed? Who do existing systems address or not address? Can organizations and actors be given increased responsibility? – What’s – Is the necessary information and data being shared, tracked, and monitored? Are all data models included in existing systems? – When – Are the scenarios, events, and business cycles reflected in existing systems? – Whereas – Do all identified locations have access to the existing systems? – Whys – Do existing systems reflect our goals and objectives, long-term strategic plans, tactical plans, performance measures, budgets, and business rules? – Wows – Have improved activities and processes been included in existing systems, and do they reflect end-to-end processing? CIO: I am interested in how you would increase responsibi lities of organizations and actors. You read "Enterprise architecture" in category "Papers" Can you talk to me about costs? I noticed you include budgets in the Why Column. Enterprise Architecture: Generally costs are in the Why column along with goals, objectives, long-term strategic plans, tactical plans, performance measures, and business rules. If a project is not budgeted, then it cantata be taken seriously. Costs can be sorted in various ways. CIO: Maybe you should sort costs by each target architecture, that is, applications, data, and technology. Enterprise Architect: Good idea. However, we can’t do that until we have a migration plan, because focusing on costs now would be premature. CIO: What is Cloud Computing? Enterprise Architect: Cloud Computing is like running your PC off of Software as a Service (AAAS), and might include query engines, operating systems, program and business APS, etc. CIO: How does Cloud Computing know our requirements for our program and administrative APS? Is Cloud Computing our new target? Enterprise Architect: Cloud Computing may offer certain advantageous, which we may find attractive. If it doesn’t satisfy our requirements, including our standards, then we may not be interested in Cloud Computing. Every day, we are getting a better Andre on our agency requirements and I think we can take a critical look at this new way of providing IT support. CIO: You know the most about our APS and standards; so, I expect that you will keep your eye on this issue. What are MOB and others saying about Cloud Computing? Enterprise Architect: There are several security concerns related to Cloud Computing that I have heard discussed at forums and seminars. First, our data will be stored in other places, and wherever our data is located, it needs to be protected; so, we need to clearly delineate our security requirements. Second, we also expect efficient revive without diminishing our security requirements. Third, more parties will be involved and we need to understand how they interact and their promises and guarantees. I think that MOB would like to see the IT federal footprint decrease, and Cloud Computing may be one meaner to do this. However, there is a trend toward the increase in the flow of data, and an increased emphasis on data ownership. I don’t expect that Cloud Computing will eliminate the need for planning, but it is particularly important that it satisfy the agency in terms of efficiency and security. CIO: I don’t want t o be forced to â€Å"buy a pig in the poke. There was a lot of pressure to move forward with an integrated Enterprise Architecture, which contains standards and approvals. I am wondering if MOB is changing our target? I am sure that Cloud Computing will require that we give up a certain degree of control. I am also worried about the costs and the loss of expertise. Enterprise Architect: As our Enterprise Architecture work progresses, we increasingly have a better understanding of our requirements. CIO: You have indicated that you are developing the applications architecture first. Why didn’t you develop the applications and data architectures in parallel? I am being approached by BPML contractors as you know and I asked you to do some research on the subject. When will you give it to me? Enterprise Architect: We should have developed the applications and data architectures together, since they are closely related to one another. Here is a table that summarizes my BPML research. I think that BPML would offer tremendous value for further refining our target architecture, and I believe that the Coachman Framework contributes to the design of improved processes. A few things are worth noting from my BPML research. See: Enclosure (1)). 1) Both recesses and outcomes are important. Many citizens come into contact with the agency through processes. Of course, the government tends to focus on output rather than outcomes, because outputs are often more achievable than outcomes. 2) Integration and standardization reduces fragmentation and enables the processes to be more efficient and effective. 3) The data, processes, and business rules are imp ortant. Processes should be ended- end. Data models can be augmented with business rules, which limit and control processes. ) Forward engineering, BPML, business rules, and technology forecasts, among others, re valuable to develop the data, applications, and target architectures. As they say, it would be wise to make changes to processes up-front rather than making these changes down stream. We know the processes associated with the information exchanges, particularly our interchanges with the public. We can use that to focus on priority processes. Additionally, we produced value streams associated with the value chain and various scenarios, particularly related to threats. Finally, there are a number of 5 key data models that contain very important processes. All of this can be used to â€Å"kick start† BPML. BPML takes considerable time and effort to create improved processes, particularly if you are going to select a preferred alternative from a comparison of similar processes. A process may be undertaken in many ways by the bureaus, using different combinations of activities, data, people, time limitations, goals, objectives, and business rules. CIO: Following up on a comment you previously made, I want the citizen to have more responsibility. I think you are the logical person to do BPML. Enterprise Architect: In addition to the 40 value streams and other scenarios, we developed data models which include processes. In the data model â€Å"Customers place orders,† â€Å"place orders† is the process. We have tons of data models of this sort. I am willing to identify business rules associated with these data models. However, I think we need to depend on our BPML community to do BPML. CIO: There is no BPML community. I am afraid that you are it. I count on you to explore ways to improve how we can further serve the business. Talk to me about business rules. What do business rules have to do with BPML? Enterprise Architect: Business rules are important because you can change the behavior of the organization by changing the business rules. Both business rules and BPML focus on processes. According to Ron Ross, â€Å"A business rule sets limitations and controls on a process. † I have prepared an enclosure that explains business rules. (See: Enclosure (2)). You will note that both BPML and Enterprise Architecture use similar language. Additionally, I did not identify the business rules as part of business architecture and I think this was a mistake. John Coachman classifies business rules in his framework at a lower level. However, I no longer agree with this. I believe that the data model, processes, and business rules are closely interconnected and are critical to defining the business architecture. CIO: Maybe John Coachman wanted us to first develop the data models and later add the business rules to them. Just give me a plan for the versions that includes the ideas we have discussed. Also, when the time comes, I am not going to stop any of the existing projects. The new project managers can sort this out. Finally, I have assembled some Youth videos on Enterprise Architecture, BPML, and business rules. (See: Enclosure (3)) What I would like you to do is take a look at them, and come up with your own videos. If you want to hire experts to do the video that is fine. Maybe we should start with Enterprise Architecture. Enterprise Architect: Okay. George Brigandage received a B. A. From Wright State University and M. A. From the University of Cincinnati. He retired in June 2004, from the federal government and 6 lives in Ocean View, Delaware, and Alexandria, Virginia. He was an Enterprise Architect at the Department of the Treasury and the Department of Homeland Security. Before that, he Emceed the Architectures Program for several years at the General Services Administration (AS) and the Department of the Treasury. He may e reached at cell 703. 772. 7410 and at George. brundage@yahoo. Com. His articles are on the web at http://enterprisearchitectureit. Info. 7 Enclosure (1) Business Process Management This table summarizes the key points from the following publications. The categories in this table are merely groupings of BPML actions that were mentioned in the publications: 1 . President Beam’s book, The Audacity of Hope, published in 2006. 2. Customer Service Excellence, Using Information Technologies to Improve Service Delivery in Government, Harvard University, 1994. 3. Citizen-Enabling Open Government (EEOC) Executive Summary for ideas. This report was produced by ACT-IAC Enterprise Architecture Shared Interest Group (SIGH), September 2010. ) 4. Federal Government Business Process Reengineering: Lessons Learned, February 1994, published by AS. Categories Share information and effectively manage programs. Responsive to citizens’ needs. Treat all with dignity and What BPML Has Done or Might Do – Share information and data. – Increase integration and standardization to prevent fragmentation. – Provide one face to the citizens. – Develop data standards and business rules. – Provide suites of commonly shared services. – Use technology effectively . Develop a citizen service strategy that includes technology, human resources, skill development, and incentives. – Provide timely response to the citizen. – Develop performance measures, associated with ended-end processes and outcomes. Take ownership of the entire process. – Describe the business or make it explicit. (See: – Identify the needs of the citizens. – Use multiple vehicles to communicate with the public, including: web sites, videos (The success of Youth, which provides some degree of video training, is astounding. ), and video teleconferencing. – Use focus groups, surveys. Provid e the public with access to the government’s databases. – Provide education and training, including long distance 8 respect. Provide the same level of service to all. Gather needed information. Clearly explain things. Develop effective and efficient processes and use technology creatively. Do things better, faster, and cheaper. Protect the public from harm. Give citizen’s their moneys worth. Education, so citizens can obtain the benefits they need and budget for innovative training. – Develop standards and consistently apply business rules (Business rules must be transparent, consistent, ND explicit to enable effective regulation. ) – Provide language services. – Use alternative locations and organizations like libraries and kiosks to obtain information and distribute benefits. Protect privacy 12 How to cite Enterprise architecture, Papers

Innovation and Perspectives of Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Perspectives of Management. Answer: Introduction: The above article was written by Ayse Birsel in the Harvard Business Review dated August 16, 2017. The central message of the article is creativity and ways to increase it. There are different synonyms that are associated with this broad term. It could refer to innovation, imagination or inventiveness. It is that power which is used to produce original ideas, concepts or trends that impact the society positively. Within the context of this article, creativity can result from wrong thinking which leads to positive outcomes (Birsel 2017). This is the primary content of the article and postulates that ideas which may look bad may actually turn out to be creative and revolutionary. The primary content is captured well within the heading of the article. Wrong thinking or reverse thinking is postulated as an alternative way of thought that is outside of the conventional norms. The primary content on wrong thinking is underpinned by three core principals. These principles serve to enable innovation and discovery. The first principle is the ability to take on the role of being a beginner. In the eyes of a beginner, a given situation or perspective has multiple possibilities, compared to the expert, who has a limited view. Menara Haryadi (2011), states that this ability is not dependent on age or seniority: one can learn from those who are junior and less experienced than them Another principle postulated is that of granting agency to other people. This in effect means giving people the latitude to be who they are. It gives them license to engage their creativity without the constraints of organizational hierarchy. It allows them to be risk takers and to think outside of the box (Gholamreza Memarzadeh Fatemeh 2014). It also extends to giving people the chance to be responsible for their actions and this makes them agents who contribute to solving problems. The last principle is that of eliminating the obstacles that are inherent within hierarchical structures. The bureaucratic set up within institutions stifles innovation and creativity (Paul, Ionut Sorin-George 2016). While being useful in maintaining boundary lines of authority, it does not encourage creativity. It encourages the culture of playing it safely so as to be absolved from blame. This reduces creativity in hierarchical organizations and should be removed. The article presents several supporting details. Fred Sanger used reverse thinking in contributing to the breakthroughs that resulted in the sequencing of the human genome. Other examples are given of people who chose to think outside of the expected norms. Perhaps the most important supporting example is that of Lisa Rotzinger and her boss Mickey McManus. Lisa took on the role of her boss for a period of two weeks and went on to give a presentation to more than 400 executives. Recommendation Organizations should learn to encourage thinking that is contrary to the expected norms in order to stimulate creativity. Instead of looking at some employees as being loose cannons, the same should be nurtured as they may add value in generating solutions. Companies should encourage the generation of concepts that challenge the current mentality of doing business. Creating a team that seeks to probe the current organizational weakness through reverse thinking would be a good starting point in encouraging creativity. References Birsel, A, 2017, To come up with a good idea, start by imagining the worst idea possible, Harvard Business Review. Gholamreza Memarzadeh, T, Fatemeh, K , 2014, 'An investigation on the effects of personal characteristics on creativity and innovation', Management Science Letters, Vol 4, Iss 7, Pp 1495-1498 (2014), no. 7, p. 1495. Available from: 10.5267/j.msl.2014.6.014. Menara, S, Haryadi, S 2011, 'Stimulating and Nurturing Professionalisms, Creativity and Innovation in Organization', Binus Business Review, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp 244-259 (2011), no. 1, p. 244. Paul, M, Ionut, C, Sorin-George, T, 2016, 'Creativity, Innovation and the Perspectives of Management', Management and Economics Review, Vol 1, Iss 2, Pp 71-81 (2016), no. 2, p. 71.

Sexual Content in Broadcast Media United States Case

United States Case Study The television was invented around 1925 but became popular in 1950s, and in America, there were more than 50million television sets in use during that period. Nearly every living room in America had a TV. Questions were then raised about the content, whether to regulate it or not, and how to regulate it. The television and radio were similar in some ways: both were broadcasted through airwaves (before cable), and both were regulated by the federal government. This paper shall discuss these issues in depth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Content in Broadcast Media: United States Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the beginning of broadcast regulation, there were not enough channels for all who wished to broadcast their information, the electromagnetic spectrum had been deemed to be a publicly owned natural resource. The â€Å"scarce public resource† then made simple come up with broadcast regulation basis. Both television and radio broadcasters operated under the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). With this, broadcasters applied, for licenses, to use a section of the â€Å"public property†, a definite frequency (UCSB SexInfo Online n.p.). Broadcasters, on the other hand, had a duty to serve the society’s interests. The obligation requires a licensee to ascertain the society’s needs and then provide a service to cater for those needs of the society. The FCC has the right to censor or restrict content with obscene material, requires fairness in political programming and segment broadcast percentages for certain content, for example, content for â€Å"public use† (Kaarina 233). Obscene programming is considered whereby an average person, with contemporary community standards, finds the material appealing to the prurient interest; the content demonstrates or defines sexual behavior in an offensive way; the materia l lacks literary, political, artistic or scientific value. Indecent programming is whereby the contemporary community standards measures the broadcast medium and describes excretory or sexual activities and organs in the broadcast (Kaarina 231). Indecent material was prohibited in the 1950s but later it was only aired after hours when the children have slept. The meaning of â€Å"indecent content† has changed over time. The National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (Center for Media Education 5) then came up with ways to call for censorship whereby there was self-censor with decency standards and production codes. The first Amendment of the US Constitution declares that the congress shall not make any law that will abridge the freedom of speech or the freedom of the press (Perebinossoff 234). However, the state legislatures and the congress have tried to hold back speech that is considered indecent, harmful to minors, obscene or injurious to children, such as pornography (Perebinossoff 234). Common legislation seeking to regulate media content is seen mostly in an election year. The US content regulation differs by the medium of expression. The 1st Amendment projection has affected the print publications to the highest degree. Radio and Television, on the other hand, have enjoyed the least protection degree. Initially the Fairness Doctrine and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) required broadcasters to have time to reply to those who said their views were criticized (Center for Media Education 24).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More That rule was then killed in 1987. Another rule that still stands till now is the â€Å"equal time law† for the political candidates. The broadcasters are restricted to barring the transmission of profane material, obscene content or indecent material over the airwaves. These rules do n ot apply to print publications. Congress has tried repeatedly to tackle this problem. However, their efforts have been in vain. They came up with the Communications Decency Act, 1996, which was struck down as unconstitutional. It then came up with Child Online Protection Act (COPA), 1998, which still remains in a legal uncertainty. It went ahead and came up with the Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA), 2000, which has been upheld by the Supreme Court of the country (Wayne 234). CIPA facilitated the use of technologies to filter and keep off pornographic content from computer screens in schools and libraries which received funds from the federal government. Indecent content is material which contains excretory or sexual material that is not at the level of obscenity and is clearly offensive. The First Amendment protects indecent speech though the Supreme Court has held it back. The high court allowed restriction of indecency for some certain main, for instance, TV and ra dio broadcasts. The same court recently disallowed Congress proscribing of indecent material on the internet or cable TV. The Federal Communications Commission’s rule of banning obscene and indecent material from being broadcasted on the radio or TV was backed by the Supreme Court. The Court established a public interest in the prevention of transmission of questionable material via broadcast medium, from 6.00am to 10.00pm. From 1978 up to around 2004, the FCC enforcement of rules against indecency was limited, that was until the Janet Jackson and Bono sagas. Janet Jackson, who was considered â€Å"the infamous wardrobe malfunction†, on February 1, 2004, was featured in the Super Bowl XXXVIII which was aired by CBS (Gunter 67). The show featured many celebrities, including Kid Rock in a poncho from an American flag cutout. Dancers repeatedly grabbed their crotches writhing to the music. In the finale, Justin Timberlake ripped one side of Janet Jackson’s bustier which then exposed her right breast to hundreds of millions of viewers in a split of a second. Many viewers were not sure of what they saw until the radio, internet, and newspapers accounted on the next day. Others wanted to have a second look. Hence, the show became the most replayed over the TiVo digital video recorders. CBS was fined by the FCC $3.5 million, the highest penalty ever, for this and other indecency violations. CBS refused, insisting that the incident was not planned for, which then turned around to the 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals in Philadelphia and challenged the indecency fine.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Content in Broadcast Media: United States Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another account was on a rock star called Bono. He was awarded in the Golden Globe Awards on January 19, 2003. The awards were broadcasted live and without taped delay. While accepting the award, he de clared, â€Å"†¦this is fucking brilliant†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Perebinossoff 234). The FCC Enforcement Bureau declared that he did not use the word to describe sexual activities or sexual or excretory organs. Thus, there was no basis for the argument in the indecency law. Congress managed to pass the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act, 2006, increasing the fines to $325,000 for each day of a violation or the violation itself, and a maximum of $3 million for failure to act or any single act. However, in 2007, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals said that fines could not be collected from companies for so-called â€Å"fleeting expletives† because, in recent times, even top leaders use the expletives in a manner that no reasonable individual would believe that it has been used to describe excretory or sexual organs or activities. There were several acts against obscenity and indecency including Child Pornography Protection Act (CPPA) was passed in 1996. It banned all visual depi ctions of minors, even if no minor is used. This law was then considered unconstitutional because it focuses on canning the content instead of banning the production. Deleting Online Predators Act (DOPA) was passed in 2006 by Congress but was not voted by the Senate. The bill mandated e-rate portion to prevent minors from accessing chat-rooms and commercial social networks in schools and libraries. This measure would not grant the FCC the power to regulate or decide which sites were to be blocked. In 2003, Congress passed the PROTECT Act (Prosecutorial Remedies Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today) ( NJ Law n.p.), which illegalizes misleading a minor via domain name in order to view content which may be â€Å"harmful to minors†. It prohibited pandering or depiction of digital or computer generated image of a minor engaging in sexually explicit actions. Family Privacy and Security Act was introduced in 2002 by Congress, though he did not make it out of the co mmittee. It required registration, with the government, web-page operators with web-pages with content considered â€Å"harmful to minors†, then they be moved to a separate domain. This required labeling of emails with sexual content, also to restrict the use of digital recording devices to view or record for lewd purposes the image of another person, including minors. Dot Kids Implementation Efficiency Act was passed in 2002. It provided that a â€Å".kid.us† domain to be designed for families and children using the internet, to provide a safe environment and prevent exposure to harmful material on the internet. Children’s Internet Protection Act was passed into law in 2000 after bundling it into the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001. This requires public institutions that use e-rate portion, to install blocking software systems to prevent minors from accessing material, which is harmful to minors, controlled by adult patrons. Position Paper There has b een an augmentation in volume of sexual content, imagery and talk on the television which are being condemned by people who are termed as â€Å"a rising tide of filth† and celebrated by others terming it as â€Å"liberation from the regulations of the past† (Gitlin 12). Sexual conduct is evident all over the broadcast media. Pornography has evolved from soft-core to hardcore. In the olden days, media posed restrictions for broadcasting, but these days limitation of broadcasting restrictions have burst. Long time back, couples in the â€Å"TV life† were aired sleeping on separate beds, while, in real life, they sleep on the same bed (Kunkel 15). These restrictions lessened until it has reached an era where the restriction lies within the individual. The FCC cannot restrict any longer. With the presence of internet, an individual can get any content from hardcore to live pornographic videos. In the writing, Pornification, Sex and Sexuality, By Kaarina Nikunen, Sus anna Paasonen and Laura Saarenmaa, it depicts how all kinds of pornography, from soft-core to hardcore, straight and gay pornography, male and female pornography, black to white, and many more, and how it has infiltrated the media (Gunter 67). Pornography is evident everywhere. It is evident in the explicit discussions in popular magazines, suggestiveness of music videos, refashioning of sex into art pieces and erotica of advertisements (Kaye and Barry 98).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pornography has now been integrated into popular culture and made part of everyday life (Kaye and Barry 98). Advertisements on television commercials bear sexually explicit content. Sexual desires have been transformed into commodity, made pornographic, and media are the foundation of this. Starting from music videos, they literally contain sex scenes; there are a lot of pornographic sites, also gay sites, like gaydar and cosimo girls which are online forums; HM’s street adverts, retro posters, films and educational sex videos and more. On the other hand, the accessibility, pervasiveness and the popular nature of TV makes it a brilliant instructor which offers a way to learn sexuality and sex without embarrassment. The images on the television, however, can be harmfully stereotyped, limited, and one dimensional, showing sex as an activity only acceptable for the young, beautiful and singles only. Sexual encounters may be erroneously represented as romantic, spontaneous and ri sk-free which may bring harm. The media, however, may help break the cultural taboos which are associated with sensitive sexual topics and may also bridge the gaps in knowledge about sex. TV shows and movies reveal a wide range of sexual expressions and raise topics such as incest, rape and abortion. The Media Project is an organization which works, with the television industry, to incorporate realistic information about sexuality and responsibility into this programming (UCSB SexInfo Online n.p.). They have even sponsored SHINE (Sexual Health IN Entertainment) Awards, which recognizes mass media outlets which have portrayed constructively sexual issues to the public. Works Cited Center for Media Education. A Parent’s Guide to the TV Ratings and the V-Chip. Washington, D.C.: Center for Media Education, 1999. Gitlin, Todd. Inside Prime Time. Berkeley: University of California Press,2000. Gunter, Barrie. Media Sex : What are the Issues. Mahwah, N.J: Erlbaum, 2002. Kaarina, Dick son. Pornification and the Education of Desire: Sex and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2007 Kaye, Barbara and Barry Sapolsky. â€Å"Offensive Language in PrimeTime Television: Before and After Content Rating.† Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 45 (2001):303–319 Kunkel, Dale. Assessing the Validity of V-Chip Rating Judgments. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton, 2003 NJ Law. New Jersey Lawyers voted 2010 Best of South Jersey. Web. Perebinossoff, Philippe. Real-World Media Ethics : Inside the Broadcast and Entertainment Industries. Amsterdam Boston: Elsevier Focal Press, 2008. UCSB SexInfo Online.Sexuality in the Mass Media. Web. Wayne, Louis. Attempts to Protect Children from Unsuitable Material on the Web. New York: Oxford University Press Rowman Littlefield Publishers, 2001. This essay on Sexual Content in Broadcast Media: United States Case was written and submitted by user Charity Beasley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Captain Corellis Mandolin Essays

Captain Corellis Mandolin Essays Captain Corellis Mandolin Paper Captain Corellis Mandolin Paper Essay Topic: Literature The novel Captain Corellis Mandolin, written by Louis De Bernieres in 1994, explores humanity; we sigh at their suffering as they are ripped apart and forever changed by war. 1 The quotation in the title is spoken by Carlo quite early on in the novel, at the end of chapter 15, titled LOmosessuale (4). He is referring to the idea that war is repeatedly shown to be patriotic, heroic, and indeed wonderful especially in film and literature. However, from Carlos experiences in Albania, he knows the true reality of war, as he has seen and experienced the suffering. We can trace Carlos progression of thought through his personal chapters; all entitled LOmosessuale. He begins saying, How wonderful it was to be at this war(p. 119) We hear him describe crossing the foreign border as exhilarating, and he and his comrades view themselves as the new legionaries of the new empire that would last ten thousand years. (p. 119) This was his view at the very beginning of war, before he had really experienced any suffering. As he is yet to encounter any conflict, it is likely he has been influenced by the propaganda at the time, organised by the Italian leader, Mussolini. The next quotation is said slightly further on during Carlos experience, How wonderful it was to be at war, until the weather turned against us. (p. 120) It is here that we begin to hear of some of the suffering that Carlo and his comrades had to endure, such as we were ten thousand men soaked to the bone(p. 120). The real tragedy of war is death, and Carlo has had direct experience of this. He says, War is wonderful until someone is killed(p. 122). This is when De Bernieres chooses to use graphic images to show the suffering that Carlo and his comrades endure. I realised that I was covered with gory scraps of human flesh that were freezing fast to my uniform(p. 122). Finally, Carlo says the quotation in the title, War is a wonderful thing, in movies and in books on page 124. It is here that Carlo has realised the actuality of war, and can see that this idealised version is fictitious and can only be seen in movie and in books. War scorches a trail through all of their lives. What seems, at the beginning of the novel, like a game, a challenge to manhood, a matter of honour, an occasion for political satire, becomes an appalling reality. Carlo asserts that war is shown to be wonderful in movies and in books. However, De Bernieres does not follow this trend, and shows the war for what it is. De Bernieres characters starve and die slowly with their entrails hanging out; he depicts the horror that they have to endure to fight for their country, and the suffering that they are put through. In Albania, Carlo says It was as though a portion of my mind has disappeared, or as though my soul had diminished to a tiny point of grey light(p. 138). De Bernieres also shows the gore and bloodshed caused by the war, when he describes the death of Francesco. In chapter 19, LOmosessuale (6), De Bernieres uses Carlos narrative to tell the reader the true details of Francescos death, and then the sanitised version for his mother. As well as this showing Carlos considerate nature, it also confirms that many people did view the war in a very different light from its reality, including Francescos mother. He died on a fine day, Signora, with the sun shining and the birds singing. (He died on a day when the snow was melting and when, beneath that carapace, there were emerging a thousand corpses, knapsacks, rusted riffles, water bottles, illegible unfinished letters drenched in blood) (p. 148). Corelli wrote the novel, after falling in love with the Island of Cephallonia, and wanting to inform readers about what happened to this Island during World War II. For this reason, he has depicted a very real and veritable account of atrocities that occurred during the Second World War. Everyone is shot, without regard for rank or role, even the medics and the chaplains. However, in the film adaptation of Captain Corellis Mandolin, directed by John Madden, war is viewed in a very different light. De Bernieres has said of the film The problem is that film-makers take out all your good ideas and replace them with a load of stupid ones. 4 The depiction of war in the film is very different and many scenes seem to have been watered down5, in order to appeal to far wider audience. The movie has been widely criticised, after changing the story line drastically from a tragic story of the destruction and consequences of war, to a love story between Corelli and Pelagia. 6 Although much of De Bernieres novel depicts the horror of war, some of the consequences of war are indeed wonderful. Corelli and Pelagia would have never found love without the intervention of war in their lives, and although ultimately war destroys their love, the moments spent together made the war endurable. The prefatory poem at the beginning on the novel shows Louis De Bernieres hinting, even before the novel has begun, that war will be an important theme throughout. The Soldier by Humbert Wolfe describes the waste of war, and the loss of lives and of youth. Links are evident between this poem and Captain Corellis mandolin as they both explore the way in which war has an effect on different people. The presence of war on the Island of Cephallonia has various effects on different characters and can expose peoples flaws and merits. An excellent example of this is the contrast shown between Mandras and Antonio Corelli. Corelli has been drawn into a war that he really has no heart for. You mean youre a soldier by mistake? (p. 206, Pelagia). He has no desires to be a soldier and his character is often seen as anti-military. When giving punishments he does not follow the rules that are expected of him, To everyones surprise the captain pointed his pistol straight into the face of one of the culprits(p. 324). However, although he had no intention of doing so, Corelli proves to be an excellent comrade and shows morality throughout the war. This is my morality, I make myself imagine that it is personal(p. 351). This is greatly contrasted with the character of Mandras. He has very high expectations about the life of a soldier and feels he has to prove himself to Pelagia and the rest of the Island. He resents those who know more than him, yet does not want to prove himself intellectually, as he believes no man is a man until he has been a soldier(p. 80) Carlos assertion that war is wonderful in movies and in books reflects a idealised view of the war. However, Mandras believes that this view was the reality of war and he felt that becoming a soldier would make him more worthy as a man. Ill come back and everyone will say, Thats Mandras, who fought in the war. We owe everything to people like him. He is indoctrinated by what is expected of him, and is predicted to conform. However high Mandras expectations were, the war does not elevate him, it brings him down. During his experiences in war he saw others abuse their power, and now feels he has a right to do the same, The war de-humanises him, and instead of changing him for the better it changes him for the worse. The war in Cephallonia showed the best and the worst in people. In Antonio Corellis case it displays his merits as he has the opportunity to exercise his humanity in the treatment of others. From the beginning of the novel, Corelli is represented as a laid-back, light-hearted leader. Although he has a great talent as a leader, he is very modest and introduces Carlo as one of our heroes, He has a hundred medals for saving life and none for taking it(p. 202). He proves himself as an excellent comrade and Captain by being faithful to his men until the very end. There is no honour in this war, but I have to be with my boys(p. 392). His introduction of La Scala also shows good comradeship, as it is a humorous and practical solution to having to use communal toilets. This is also a crucial element of the novel, as before they go to join the shooting line up, they sing to maintain their composure. He also shows his forgiving nature when he chooses to forgive Gunter for what he has done. I forgive you. If I do not, who will? (p. 397). He says of himself I am not a natural parasite(p. 305) and this is seen clearly when he avoids any confrontation with Pelagia. He is uncomfortable about living with Pelagia and her father Tonight I shall sleep in the yard and tomorrow I shall request alternative accommodation(p. 204). Corellis fondness for animals is De Bernieres way of showing positive traits in a character. The fact that Corelli is so attached to Psipsina shows that he is an admirable man and the reader feel connected to him. The captain had some engaging traits. He tied a cork to a piece of string, and sprinted about the house with Psipsina in hot pursuit and if the animal happened to be sitting on a piece of music, he would go away and fetch another sheet rather than disturb her(p. 250) Corelli also shows fondness for children in his relationship with Lemoni. Although there is a language barrier, the two are able to communicate on a different level, and are able to enjoy each others company. The child was whooping and laughing, and it appeared that what was transpiring was a lesson in Italian. Bella fanciulla, the captain was saying. He was waiting for Lemoni to repeat it. Bla fanshla, she giggled. (p. 211) He also appears to have a very different attitude than other soldiers, when he arrives in Cephallonia with his mandolin strapped to his back, and not a gun, as you would expect from a soldier. The mandolin that was called Antonia because it was the other half of himself. This love for music is another engaging trait that the captain has, and is one of the reasons Pelagia falls in love with him. We also see this originality to his character when Gunter Weber, a german soldier, introduces himself. Weber says Heil Hitler, yet Corelli says Heil Puccini, showing he has a very different attitude to the war, and will not be led by anyone. This again shows his love for classical music, as Puccini was a great composer, whom Corelli was an admirer of. His relationship with Pelagia is clearly one of great love and admiration, however it also contains sexual desires, which are never consummated. Such slender fingers, such pink nails. He imagined them engaged upon amorous and nocturnal things, and realised that he was disturbing Psipsina. (p. 259, Corelli) This shows ongoing respect for Pelagia and her father, and also shows Corellis caring and considerate temperament. In contrast to Corelli, the character Mandras is brutalised by war. He believes that war will change him for the better, yet it changes him for the worse. He becomes a victim of propaganda and a victim of his insecurities. Before he leaves for war he tells Pelagia Im a Greek not a Fascist(p. 14) War changes him for the worse as he is very easily led and allows others to influence him. This may have had a positive effect on Mandras if he had chosen Iannis to guide him, yet he chooses Hector, the leader of a branch of the ELAS. Joining this group causes him to abandon his personal values, and this is seen when he whips the old man. Mandras did not even notice that the man had stopped moving, had stopped screaming and whining(p. 233). He manages to blank out the emotions that he should be feeling, and begins to enjoy the power he holds over this old man. If you didnt think about what it was, it sounded weirdly beautiful(p. 234) After returning from the war, he becomes much more manipulative, especially towards Pelagia and Drosoula. Mandras had begun his exile into inaccessibility by dramatising the idea of death(p. 180). Pelagia was convinced that he was doing it on purpose as an act of vengeance or punishment. (p. 180). This shows a very cruel side to Mandras that we have never seen before, and it clearly takes the war to bring out this negative side of his character. He has clearly been indoctrinated by the propaganda of the war, and this is seen in chapter 63, when he recites communist slogans. The party is never wrong. Whoever is not with us is against us(p. 447) He does not seem to be questioning what he has been told, he just repeats it. He has experienced others abusing their power during his time with the ELAS and now sees this as an approved way of behaving. De Bernii res explores power and its abuse7 He insults and belittles Pelagia after he returns from fighting and tortures her further, even though he should see that she has suffered enough during the war. De Bernieres shows a side to Mandras that readers have never seen before. He represents him as evil and sadistic, and we see Mandras refer to Pelagia as a slut. His morals have disintegrated following his fighting with the ELAS, and feels that he can do whatever he wants. This is due to the fact that the ELAS would make up their own rules for their comrades to follow. The war de-humanises Mandras and he represents the damage that can be inflicted by extreme politics. In Mandras death, De Bernieres wants readers to feel pity for him, as it is clear the communist party has seriously indoctrinated him. He dies as a victim of the war, and a desire to prove himself worthy, and this also evokes compassion in the reader Carlo is a character in the novel who shows how war can bring out the best in people. He is a very honourable character, and has to live with the secret that he is homosexual. He puts aside his desire for Corelli in order to help the romance between Pelagia and Corelli develop. I have loved you with the same surprise and gratitude that I see in your own eyes when you are with Pelagia(p. 384). He shows true bravery in front of the firing squad when stepping in front of Corelli to save his life. Antonio Corelli had found in front of him the titanic bulk of Carlo Guercio(p. 399). De Bernieres uses Carlos narrative in the chapters entitled LOmosessuale, and this allows the readers to sympathise further with the silent suffering that Carlo has to endure during the war. His writings are eloquently written and his language is poetic and beautiful, showing the gentle side to his character. He died on a fine day, Signora, with the sun shining and the birds singing. (P. 148, Carlo) Father Arsenios was saved by the war(p. 292). De Bernieres absolves Arsenios after the war and liberates him from his former self. However, the characters perceive him as a mad man and cannot see that war has brought about his finest hour. He is referred to as the crazy priest yet he feels he is a saviour and it is probable that, had he lived, Arsenios might have become a saint(p. 295). De Bernieres chooses to depict war in a graphic and realistic light in his novel, Captain Corellis Mandolin. Although in many films or books war is shown to be wonderful, this idealised version is proved wrong in De Bernieres novel, as he shows the suffering that the soldiers were forced to endure. He shows that the war has different effects on different people, and it can expose their faults or their merits. Mandras is forever changed by the war, as he returns indoctrinated by the communist party. His death proves that his natural environment is the sea, where he can be accepted and does not have to prove himself. In contrast Corellis merits are shown to be more prominent as the war develops, and also as his love for Pelagia develops. The reader is drawn to the character of Corelli, even though he is an occupying soldier, as he shows compassion, kindness and respect during his time in Cephallonia.

Theoretical review in optical materials used in Concentrating Dissertation

Theoretical review in optical materials used in Concentrating Photovoltanic (CPV) Technology - Dissertation Example Photovoltaic cells have been widely in use for the production of electricity from solar energy. However, they have high production costs because of which the cost of photovoltaic electricity is high, causing difficulties in their widespread use and market penetration (Swanson, 2000). One approach through which this drawback can be minimized is the use of solar concentrators that can increase solar irradiation per unit area of the solar cells, thereby resulting in increased electricity production per unit area of the receiver (Abdul-Rahman & Wang, 2010). Apart from increasing the electricity efficiency of the photovoltaic solar cells, the use of solar concentrators can also help in decreasing the area required for a given amount of output. Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) technology uses optical components as solar concentrators. This technology is economically advantageous as it helps in decreasing the cost of solar electricity by using optical material that is less expensive than ph otovoltaic cells, resulting in the need for lesser number of solar cells for the same electrical output. Thus, in simpler words, the goal of CPV technology is to â€Å"reduce the cost of electricity generated by replacing expensive PV converter area with less expensive optical material† (Swanson, 2003, p. 449). ... ectric Fresnel lenses, other types of solar concentrators include dish concentrators, compound parabolic concentrators, and reflectors (Brogren, 2004). As the present study aims at modeling optical parameters for optimum collection of concentrated solar radiation for photovoltaic devices, this theoretical review will focus on the different types of optical materials used in CPV technology. Apart from providing a brief overview of the types of solar concentrators, their optics, and the types of optical materials used, this review will also elaborate the optical and physical properties of optical materials, especially glass and polymeric materials such as poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), which are relevant to the present study. 2.2. Solar Concentrators & Their Types Solar concentrators are of various types depending on the type of optics employed, the concentration ratio, the number of axes for tracking the sun, etc. Fig. 2.2. Schematic representation of solar concentrator, radiation intercepted by the aperture area, A1, falls on the receiver area, A2 (Brogren, 2004, p. 41). The figure 2.2 above shows the diagrammatic representation of a solar concentrator that concentrates solar radiation spread over a wider aperture area, A1, over a smaller receiver area, A2. 2.2.1. Concentration Ratio The geometric concentration ratio of a given concentrating system is the ratio of the concentrator aperture area and area over which the radiation is concentrated. It is given by the following equation: Cg = A1/A2, where, Cg = geometric concentration ratio, A1 = â€Å"aperture area of concentrator†, and A2= â€Å"area onto which the radiation is concentrated† (Brogren, 2004). For solar concentrators, the geometric concentration ratio is defined as â€Å"the area of the primary lens or

Nursing Practice in Context 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing Practice in Context 4 - Assignment Example When the body digests proteins, there is usually the generation of waste products. These wastes become part of urine. Diabetes destroys the tiny blood vessels and holes, which act as filters when they are overburdened (Bruce & Paxton, 2008). After some years, the filters will stop functioning properly and some of the important proteins will leak into urine causing a condition called micro albunuria (American Diabetes Association, 2006). The initial symptom of the chronic diseases is the buildup of fluids at various body parts. Other signs entail insomnia, loss of appetite, and lack of concentration (American Diabetes Association, 2012).Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to premature mortality, low quality of life, and high life expenditures. Different diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity have played greater roles in the increase of chronic kidney diseases (Bruce & Paxton, 2008). The research indicated that obesity relates with diabetes and hypertension and the three ar e the major leading causes of chronic kidney diseases. In U.S, the numbers of adults with obesity have been doubling for the past three-decade (Bruce & Paxton, 2008). ... It will not rely on whether an individual looses weight through maintaining diet, exercising or undergoing bariatric surgery. The conducted studies reveals that weight loss reduces the rates of hypertension, type 2 diabetes and obesity. People should ensure that they maintain their diet and exercise in order to lose weight as it will help them in reducing the rates of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes (McBride & Korczak, 2007). Question 2 (B) The paper highlights the nursing care of Mrs. Mrs. Douglas Douglas who is 74 years old. She is a diabetic with many complications and she is admitted for surgery tomorrow. The two nursing problems that Mrs. Douglas has are nutritional deficit and electrolyte imbalance. She also has impaired skin integrity. The two nursing interventions explained in the paper are the acute and community care focus. Two evaluation criteria for each intervention will also be explained Priority Problem 1 Nutritional deficit and fruit imbalance One of the identifie d medical problems entails nutritional deficit and fluid imbalance. Mrs. Douglas is experiencing these problems because of her poor nutritional habits and she does not know about the illness processes. The assessment data used to support this diagnosis is the subjective data of the patients’ nutritional habits. Mrs. Douglas stated that she takes 1-2 glasses of juice and water per day, lack of knowledge of what to eat or drink, and sometimes she lacks appetite because of the bad taste in her mouth. The objective data that supports the diagnosis entail obesity and kidney disease. These are caused by taking food with high cholesterol, not doing enough exercises, and failure to take enough