Health Literacy Essay Example for Free

Wellbeing Literacy Essay I. Foundation Child wellbeing is a basic marker of the personal satisfaction in creating nations. Mothers’ proficiency is regularly decidedly connected with improved youngster wellbeing and nourishing status (Glewwe, 1999). The ownership of education builds the capacity of a mother or a family to procure more information. Upgrades in youngster wellbeing are considered as the results of improved of mother’s information. To put it plainly, proficiency influences wellbeing, and wellbeing influences instructive accomplishment (Grosse, 1989). Since the connection between's proficiency, wellbeing, riches and prosperity is getting progressively significant, it is vital to incorporate wellbeing education as aptitudes required for a grown-up ‘to function’ in a network (Kickbusch, 2001). Wellbeing education has been perceived as a key result proportion of wellbeing advancement intercessions (Nutbeam, 1996). It tends to be arranged as fundamental/practical wellbeing proficiency, open/intelligent wellbeing education and basic education. Each level has distinctive ‘autonomy and individual empowerment’. Singular consideration is centered around building up the aptitudes and certainty to settle on decisions that improve singular wellbeing results (Nutbeam, 2000). As the most elevated level, basic proficiency in a perfect world will be accomplished in which individuals have this ability to look for data, survey the unwavering quality of that data and utilize that data to have a superior power over their wellbeing determinants (Nutbeam and Renkert, 2001). Following this wellbeing proficiency idea, Nutbeam and Renkert (2001) characterize mother’s wellbeing education as ‘the psychological and social aptitudes which decide the inspiration and capacity of ladies to access, comprehend and utilize the data in manners that advance and keep up their wellbeing and that of their children’. As far as proficiency, Indonesia has a generally high of education pace of 90% (UNICEF, 2007). Nonetheless, individuals with satisfactory proficiency for managing withâ familiar ideas and practices, for example, family unit the executives can find an impressive trouble to comprehend new issues, for example, human services data (Kalichman and Rompa, 2000). For moms, wellbeing proficiency aptitudes are significant factors in foreseeing kid wellbeing results. Indonesia as a creating nation despite everything faces numerous kid medical issues. Newborn child, neonatal and under-5 death rate was moderately high (26, 17 and 34 for each 1000 live births, individually) in 2006. Youngster vaccination inclusion is still impressively low with measles inclusion of 66. 2%, MCV (80%), DPT (75%) and hepatitis (74%) among one-year-olds (WHO, 2009). Numerous investigations show that low education is connected with a few unfriendly wellbeing results (DeWalt, 2004). One of the approaches to improve youngster wellbeing is likely by improving mother’s wellbeing education. Numerous ongoing investigations have analyzed the effect of mother’s wellbeing proficiency on kid wellbeing (Sandiford, 1995). Nonetheless, there are barely any investigations concentrated on the boundaries to mother’s wellbeing proficiency. This examination will explore boundaries are there to improve mother’s wellbeing education on youngster wellbeing and discover arrangements may conquer the hindrances. II. Targets 1. To explore the degree of mother’s wellbeing education in area of Aceh (useful, intelligent or basic wellbeing proficiency of moms toward youngster human services, cooperation in kid care program in towns or sub locale, wellbeing looking for practices, endeavors to access wellbeing administrations). 2. To investigate what obstructions are there to improve mother’s wellbeing proficiency on youngster wellbeing 3. To assess arrangements that may conquer the obstructions so as to upgrade mother’s wellbeing education. 4. To make a model of intercession to improve maternal wellbeing proficiency III. Procedure This examination will be led in quantitative and subjective techniques. The quantitative strategies will examine the information about the mothers’ utilitarian, intuitive and basic wellbeing proficiency toward the youngster human services, the use of essential medicinal services by moms as far as wellbeing looking for conduct, kid vaccination inclusion and checking of children’s wholesome status. The information will be gathered by utilizing organized surveys. The practical proficiency will utilize the organized polls of Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) (Baker, 1999) and Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) (Bass, 2003) while the intuitive and basic wellbeing education surveys will be planned by altering the current investigates that investigation of maternal wellbeing proficiency. At that point, the outcomes will be arranged by scoring into Inadequate, Marginal and Adequate wellbeing education. Before the poll is utilized for the examination, the legitimacy and unwavering quality tests will be performed. In the subjective stage, I will lead individual meetings and center gathering conversations to discover the boundaries and answers for improve maternal wellbeing proficiency. Semi-organized individual meetings will be utilized for moms and medicinal services staff (doctors, attendants and birthing assistants) from towns and sub-locale wellbeing administrations. Respondents will be talked with independently and protection will be kept up during the meeting. For center gathering conversations, they will be purposively chosen to guarantee the most extreme variety to guarantee a decent variety of perspectives about hindrances to improve mothers’ wellbeing education inside the example. For each gathering, introductory contact will be made by a guardian, for example, co-ordinator of town mother’s affiliation, spouse of head of town and town maternity specialist. All gatherings will be encouraged by the specialist, recorded with the participants’ consent and will be completely interpreted. Testing procedure Member will be selected from ladies who have kids (more youthful or more established youngsters) in unique topographical territories (social/social/ethnic blend) to search for logical distinction and from various degree of training (no instruction, essential, progressed and advanced education). The example will be enrolled purposively from the populace information of branch of wellbeing in Aceh. Ladies who are happy to take an interest, talk either Indonesia or Acehnese, and are eloquent will be purposively chosen for the subjective investigation. For the quantitative examination, respondents will be chosen utilizing the multi-stage arbitrary testing technique. All respondent chose will be guaranteed that support is deliberate. Information examination The recorded meetings will be interpreted in exactly the same words into the language of the meeting (Bahasa Indonesia, however Acehnese will be utilized the same number of individuals in country regions can't talk bahasa) and afterward converted into English. Classifications for investigation of information will be distinguished toward the start. The transcripts will be dissected and distributed from each subject to different classes. Information will at that point be broke down as per these classifications. The quantitative information will be analized utilizing SPSS factual programming form 19. 0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Ill). IV. Noteworthiness Indonesia is a creating nation with a populace of about 250 million. Low education and high ripeness combined with poor economy converts into high grimness and mortality. Ladies and youngsters are the most powerless portions as far as wellbeing. It is imperative to improve maternal wellbeing proficiency and different variables identified with wellbeing administrations so as to expand kid human services. It is a multi division program that includes many partners including wellbeing office, clinical instruction and network. It is significant for clinical training organization to teach their graduations of wellbeing advancement and wellbeing instruction against the current pattern of clinical training that is bound to be a therapeudic and pro view. V. Others USA is a created nation and notable for its trustworthy colleges particularly for general wellbeing subjects. Wellbeing framework in the US is unique in relation to Indonesia that will permit me to get familiar with wellbeing instruction particularly maternal wellbeing proficiency in the US wellbeing framework. The venture will be directed in three years. The detail of course of events can be found in the table underneath. Table 1. The course of events of exploration No| Years| Year 1| Year 2| | MonthsTasks| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 1| Refine research question| | | 2| Preparation of proposal| | | 3| Literature audit and procedure the neighborhood and college moral issues| | | 4| Produce the examiners | | 5| Data collection| | | 6| Data analysis| | |. No| Years| Year 3| | MonthsTasks| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 6| Data examination (continued)| | 8| Writing starting draft| | 9| Proof perusing | 10| Revision and hand in| | References Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. Improvement of a concise test to quantify utilitarian wellbeing proficiency. Persistent Education and Counseling. 1999, 38:33-42. Bass PF, Wilson JF, and Griffith CH. A Shortened Instrument for Literacy Screening. Diary of General Internal Medicine. 2003,18:1036-1038. Glewwe. P. For what reason does mother’s tutoring bring up kid wellbeing in creating nations? proof from Morocco. The Journal of Human Resources. 1999; 34 (1): 124 †159. Grosse R. N. Education and wellbeing status in creating districts. Yearly Review Public Health. 1989; 34: 281 †97. Kickbusch I. S. Wellbeing proficiency: tending to the wellbeing and training partition. Wellbeing Promotion International. 2001; 16 (3): 289 †97. Nutbeam D. Accomplishing ‘best practiceâ€�

Psychology and Social Support Essay

Marriage nowadays doesn't appear to keep going exceptionally long. Two months after his wedding, your companion Tom trusts in you that he’s miserable in his marriage. He discloses to you that he and his significant other appear to be battling constantly, and nothing appears to get settled. He will in general be nervous anyway(His companions call him â€Å"Type-A Tom†) and now he feels like the pressure of the steady squabbling is influencing each part of his life, including his wellbeing. Since you’re in a Psychology class, he approaches you for your contemplations on the odds of his marriage enduring and your recommendation about what he can do about his pressure. In view of what you’ve read (either in the allocated readings in this module or your own Internet inquire about), you answer his inquiries by tending to 10 factors that might be identified with his circumstance. Quickly talk about every one of these variables (and how it might identify with Tom’s pickle) in a 5-7 page paper. The Factors are: Consistency of the stressor. In brain research, stress is an inclination of strain and weight. Side effects may incorporate a feeling of being overpowered, sentiments of uneasiness, by and large touchiness, instability, anxiety, social withdrawal, loss of craving, despondency, alarm assaults, fatigue, high or low pulse, skin ejections or rashes, a sleeping disorder, absence of sexual want (sexual brokenness), headache, gastrointestinal troubles (blockage or loose bowels), and for ladies, menstrual indications. It might likewise cause increasingly genuine conditions, for example, heart issues. Likewise, trial look into which has been performed on creatures, additionally showed outcomes identifying with pressure and negative impacts on the body. It has been indicated that pressure adds to the inception and improvement of explicit tumors inside the body. A stressor is any occasion, understanding, or natural boost that causes worry in an individual.[22] These occasions or encounters are seen as dangers or difficulties to the individual and can be either physical or mental. Specialists have discovered that stressors can make people increasingly inclined to both physical and mental issues, including coronary illness and anxiety.[23] Stressors are bound to influence an individual’s wellbeing when they are â€Å"chronic, exceptionally problematic, or saw as uncontrollable†.[23] In brain science, scientists for the most part arrange the various sorts of stressors into four classifications: 1) emergencies/calamities, 2) significant life occasions, 3) every day bothers/microstressors, and 4) encompassing stressors. Social help (human connections) Social help is the observation and fact that one is thought about, has help accessible from others, and that one is a piece of a strong informal organization. These steady assets can be passionate (e.g., nurturance), substantial (e.g., monetary help), instructive (e.g., counsel), or friendship (e.g., feeling of having a place). Social help can be estimated as the observation that one has help accessible, the real gotten help, or how much an individual is incorporated in an informal organization. Backing can emerge out of numerous sources, for example, family, companions, pets, associations, collaborators, and so on. Government offered social help is frequently alluded to as Public guide.

What to Expect From Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome

What to Expect From Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Print Symptoms of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 13, 2019 Image Source / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Binge Drinking Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Alcohol withdrawal is an unpleasant set of symptoms that heavy drinkers experience when they stop drinking. Many people drink too much every once in a while, and many also drink too much a lot of the time. While it is a great idea to quit drinking, you should also think through whether you might experience alcohol withdrawal symptoms, and how to manage them, before quitting cold turkey. Depending on how much you have been drinking and for how long, alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be severe and even life-threatening, so talk to your doctor for individual advice.?? This article is intended to help you to understand what could happen when you quit drinking and is not a substitute for medical advice. When to Expect Withdrawal If you have been drinking heavily for a while, whether as a regular pattern, in binges, or if you have become addicted, you may want to know what to expect if you stop drinking and go into alcohol withdrawal. For those who have become addicted to alcohol, you are likely to experience some withdrawal symptoms when you quit, but withdrawal can also happen after periodic heavy drinking.?? The initial hangover can vary in time and intensity and can last for hours, but you will usually start to feel better within a day. In contrast, alcohol withdrawal worsens over the first few hours and days and lasts from days to a week or more. Some drinkers experience weeks or months of withdrawal symptoms, known as post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS).?? The exact experience and severity of alcohol withdrawal varies from person to person. Alcohol Cravings Most people who are withdrawing from alcohol experience a strong desire to drink more. This is known as experiencing cravings, and cravings are common among people withdrawing from many addictive substances. Part of the craving is driven by the wish to reduce the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, and part of it is the desire to re-experience the pleasure of alcohol intoxication.?? How to Gauge the Severity of Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Mood Changes Withdrawing from alcohol takes its toll on your mood. One way of thinking about withdrawal is that it is like having to pay back a loan. You get an advance on some good feelings while you are drunk, but then you are saddled with a debt of those same feelings during the withdrawal phase. This is called a rebound effect and is part of your body’s way of maintaining homeostasis.?? Once you have paid off the debt, you can feel good again naturally. Many people drink to feel relaxed and happy. So when you withdraw from alcohol, you can expect to feel anxious and miserable, simply because your body is adjusting to the relaxant and mood-elevating effects of alcohol not being there. Another reason that withdrawal feels so bad is that many people drink to cover up negative feelings, like grief, anxiety, and frustration. Without the numbing effect of alcohol, and without having dealt with the underlying cause of those negative feelings, you can feel overwhelmed emotionally, just when you are at your weakest. It can be helpful to go through withdrawal in a supportive atmosphere, where negative feelings wont be provoked. You can tackle alcohol withdrawal at home, but this is only a good idea if your family or other people at home are going to be kind, sensitive, and supportive during the process, so talk it over with them beforehand.?? And it is still a good idea to talk it over with your doctor, so they can give you medication that may prevent the riskiest symptoms from happening. Sleep Problems Despite the tiredness you are probably feeling, alcohol withdrawal often causes insomnia (having trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep).?? Nausea or Vomiting Vomiting, or feeling as if you are going to vomit (nausea) is a recognized aspect of alcohol withdrawal. You probably wont feel like going out and about anyway, but wherever you are, make sure you have a bathroom close by. Physical Agitation People going through alcohol withdrawal often feel physically agitated. This is exacerbated by an increase in heart rate and sweating. You might also get physical tremors and notice your hands shaking.?? Obviously, this will make you feel unwell, but it is important to recognize these withdrawal symptoms for what they are, and not just the symptoms of a cold or flu. When to See a Doctor If you experience these symptoms and have not received treatment for alcohol withdrawal, see your doctor or go to the emergency room of your nearest hospital. Medication can prevent some of the more serious withdrawal symptoms, such as hallucinations and seizures. Hallucinations Hallucinations, which can occur on their own or be part of the severe withdrawal syndrome of delirium tremens (DT), are among the more severe symptoms of alcohol withdrawal â€" but not everyone who goes through withdrawal will experience them. Hallucinations involve seeing, hearing or feeling things that are not there, and can be quite unpleasant. Some people who experience hallucinations find them frightening and think they are going crazy. While some people can develop substance-induced psychosis as a result of using alcohol or other drugs, in most cases, the hallucinations stop after treatment or after the withdrawal has run its course.?? Its better to see a doctor and get the medication than to try and cope on your own, as this can also prevent one of the potentially most dangerous alcohol withdrawal symptom: seizures.? Seizures While seizures are uncommon, they are normal symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, and you should always prepare for and avoid the risk of seizures by getting appropriate medical attention.?? Seizures during alcohol withdrawal can be life-threatening, so call 911 if think you think someone going through alcohol withdrawal is having a seizure.? What Are the Symptom Stages for Alcohol Withdrawal?

The likely manifestations of terrorism globally - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5816 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1 Introduction The Threat from Terrorism There are very few humans in the world today who have not had their lives altered or affected in some way through terrorist acts or the threat from terrorism. The highly publicized terrorist attacks in the United States, London, Madrid, and Mumbai were seen worldwide and have lead to sweeping changes in the security postures of many western and developed nations, as well as to a multi-nation war in Afghanistan. For those that have not felt the direct effects by losing someone close to them, there are many life altering after-shocks have had global reach and thus have effected nearly everyone. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The likely manifestations of terrorism globally" essay for you Create order Every person who uses public transportation, rides in a plane/train, or crosses an international border will feel the effects of international terrorism through vastly increased security measures. Terrorism has changed foreign policy for many nations and has lead to wars.[1] In all, terrorism is rewriting the geopolitical map as we see it now and in the decades to come, will continue to change the world as we know it. Radical Militant Islamic Groups There are many religions and political factions that have terrorist cells. In fact, in this day and age, one would be hard pressed to find a country or religion that does not have some form of fundamental or radicalized terrorist group in its midst. Groups espousing terror find roots in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism.[2] This being said, in recent times, the most dangerous threat to western and developed nations comes from the Radical Militant Islamic Groups. These Islamic Militants have not only local and national reach, but can project their influence regionally and even globally (as seen with Al Qaeda and Hezbollah), and thus will be the focus of this dissertation. Shifting Sands: Since as far back as history dates, there has been war between peoples. Sometimes these peoples were evenly matched, and the battles pitted large armies against one another. Yet at other times, the odds were heavily in favor of one side, and the lesser of these groups had to resort to non-traditional warfare to inflict losses on their enemy. Sometimes these attacks were focused on the enemys military, and sometimes these attacks were focused on the citizenry of the enemy nation. The enemies could be nation vs nation or sometimes they were nation vs a non-state actor group. The pendulum has swung back and forth throughout history as to what is the root of terrorist groups. With the emergence of Al Qaeda we have seen that in the present day the non-state actor terrorist groups have taken center stage, though this may be about to change. Attempt to predict the future This paper engages the probability of predicting the future of global terrorism. This is achieved by analyzing the history of the origins and conceptual changes of terrorism over years past and current trends of terrorism as seen through the data available from the terrorism scholars of today. Though terrorism is not a completely Islamic phenomena, this paper will focus on terrorism from Radical Militant Islamic Groups, as this is the most predominant form of terrorism seen in the present day. It will attempt to lay out the evolution of terrorism to give some basis for a review of the current most important trends in terrorism. It will discuss the origins of ethno-nationalist (or state sponsored) terrorism and further discuss how this has morphed into the new transnational (or non-state actor) terrorism of today. Finally the paper will set the stage for the prediction of a future shift back to state sponsored terrorism and outline the reasons why this is going to occur. Chapter II Evolution of Terrorism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Historical Roots Mr. Speaker, I agree with those who say that the Global War on Terrorism is actually a Global War of Ideas and that terrorism is one of the tactics used in that War. Mac Thornberry (US Congressman) P re-Modern World: 1st Century BC to the 13th Century The history of [6] 1793: The Origins of Modern Terrorism In 1793, following the French revolution, Maximilien Robespierre instigated a reign of terror on those who opposed the French revolution.[7] This reign of terror is conventionally known as the birthplace of the word Terrorism.[9] Robespierres sentiment is the keystone in the beliefs of many modern terrorists, who consider violence the best and most efficient way to get to their desired outcome. As decades passed, the categorization of terrorism as a state action has blurred, as the idea of terrorism as an attack against an existing political order became more prominent. 1950s: The Rise of Non-State Terrorism Terrorism in the 1950s got its start from the guerilla warfare tactics popular with many insurgent groups of the time. This rise of guerrilla tactics by non-state actors in the last half of the twentieth century was due to several factors. These included the blossoming of ethnic nationalism (e.g. Irish, Basque, Zionist), anti-colonial sentiments in the vast British, French and Dutch empires, and new ideologies such as communism. In near recent times, terrorist groups with nationalist agendas have sprung up in every part of the world. For example, the Irish Republican Army grew from the desire of Irish Catholics to form an independent republic, and break their ties with Great Britain.[10] Similarly, the Kurds, a distinct ethnic and linguistic group in Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq, have sought national autonomy since the beginning of the 20th Century.[13] 1970s: The International Turn of Terrorism International terrorism came to the forefront as a prominent issue in the late 1960s, when hijacking of large airliners became a favored tactic. In 1968, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine became the first group to hijack an aircraft.[18] 1990s: 21 st Century: The Rise of Religious Terrorism Though an argument can be made that the rise of religiously motivated terrorism got its modern day start in Iran and Afghanistan to counter the political issues of the Shah and the Soviet Union, it came to the forefront with many highly visible violent acts committed during the 1990s. Groups that justify their violence on Islamic grounds Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah come to mind first. But Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and other religions have given rise to their own forms of militant extremism.[19] In recent years RMIGs have taken center stage for their astoundingly violent acts perpetrated against the citizenry of non-Muslim cultures. Chapter III Trends in Terrorism When you give religiously inspired zealots weapons of mass destruction and you promise them that if they kill innocent people they will go to heaven, imagine what the consequences are. Major Changes are Ahead There are major changes coming to terrorism in the years ahead. These changes can be seen from the trends of today, and will deeply change the threat to marked nations by terrorists and the terms on which we must fight the war against RMIGs. The top trends that will influence the changes in Terrorism Globally are summarized below. Fertility rates will lead Western Countries to come under Islamic rule In contrast to the developing world, many industrialized countries are currently, or will soon, see fertility rates below the replacement level and hence significant declines in populations, excluding the effects of immigration[22] Mili t an t I sla m con t inues t o grow in both membership an d power It has been clear for years that many Islamic nations face severe problems with religious extremists who are dedicated to advancing their political, social, and ideological views by any means necessary.[23] Nearly all of the Muslim lands are overcrowded and short of resources. Many are poor, save for the oil-rich states of the Middle East.[27] The Terroris t R anks A re Growin g The post 9/11 invasion of Afghanistan that lead to the unseating of the Taliban regime deprived Al Qaeda of a safe haven, striking a major blow against the global terrorist movement, yet by not following up effectively on that initial success, a great deal of benefit that could have been solidified was squandered. Additionally, with the invasion of Iraq, Al Qaeda and its sympathizers now have new grounds from which they can unite their members and, more importantly, recruit new ones.[32] At the heart of the Middle East fundamentalist movement are the wahabists of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has recently been forced to enact a program designed to keep Muslim men from going to Iraq to wage war against the coalition forces in a global jihad.[35] In this way, the foundation for terrorist cells are built which are independent of Al Qaeda but resolutely committed to the same objectives. Examples of this have been seen in the Madrid railway bombings which were carried out by Al Qaeda inspired Moroccan terrorist cell who were motivated by the Iraq invasion.[39] It is clear that RMIGs have significant sympathy among Europes Muslim population. The French riots of October and November 2005 affected at least twenty cities in that country, resulting in 2,888 arrests, leading to a further spill over of violence in Greece, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark, and Switzerland.[40] It has been proven that Saudi Arabia continues to fund and maintain connections with a broad group of religious schools, stretching from Pakistan to New York, and from the Philippines to India.[44] Individuals from Europe and the Middle East are embracing the extremist teachings, traveling to Afghanistan, Kashmir and Iraq to fight, and returning to their own countries, with the rights of western citizens to carry the fight against the very nations they were born to. RMIGs W ill Gain A ccess t o W eapons of Mass Des t ruc t ion It must be assumed that tomorrows terrorists will make every effort to ensure that they have more than unconventional amounts of conventional explosives with which to make their violent point.[46] Pakistan represents by far the greatest opportunity for would-be nuclear terrorists to become nuclear terrorists. If Muslim extremists cannot gain access to stolen weapons from the former Soviet Republics, Islamabad may be their provider. Thankfully, this seems not to be a guarantee that terrorists will use nuclear weapons against the potential western targets. RMIGs will most likely receive large, hard to conceal, low-yield devices that will be difficult to smuggle to their target. Though one can be certain that terrorist organizations will try anyway, other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) look to be a much more likely option. Clouds of toxic gas or incompletely weaponized bacteria could find their way into New York City, London or Paris. Even more likely is the chemical weapon threat. As the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo, demonstrated in a Tokyo subway in 1995, chemical weapons are available to essentially anyone who wants them badly enough to put in a modest effort to make or buy them.[47] The Home Grown threat from Muslim extremists is on the rise A 1994 terrorism study by the US Department of Defense predicted that by 2020 a majority of the worlds most important Muslim lands could be controlled by extremist religious governments.[52] Beyond that, for the first time, an Islamic country, Pakistan, has nuclear weapons. As previously mentioned, Islamic extremists view this technology as an Islamic bomb that could be used to promote their apocalyptic ideology, making nuclear terrorism a realistic threat. This threat will grow as Iraq, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and other countries establish fundamentalist regimes that are willing to back the cause of jihad against the West. Saudi Arabia is well on the path to be taken over by a fundamentalist regime, and to attempt to postpone this, the Saud family will continue to provide more support to extremists and endeavor to direct the RMIGs attention to the West.[53] The overthrow of the Taliban in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq have strengthened the global jihadist movement, given them a training ground and built up the contacts for future terrorist acts. The gap between the Haves and the Have N ots will continue to increase The growing gap in wealth between the rich and poor countries looks as if it will further destabilize the world order, continuing to encourage prospective RMIGs in the less developed nations to foment violence against the rich in their own countries, or when available against western targets. This rising gap in wealth within many prosperous nations has the possibility to set off discontent among the less well-off, possibly helping to inspire random violence and acts of domestic terrorism in the West. The growing gap in wealth and income between the rich and the poor also may inspire conversion to Islam in the West, principally among the underprivileged. As seen in England and Australia, this can be a source of violent extremism among both immigrant and native populations.[54] P opulation growth is highest in those countries least able to support the growt h The greatest fertility rates are found in those countries least able to support their existing populations: the largest population increases projected between 2000 and 2050 include the Palestinian Territory (217 percent), Niger (205 percent), Yemen (168 percent), Angola (162 percent), the Democratic Republic of Congo (161 percent), and Uganda (133 percent).[55] The Muslim world is reproducing at an extremely high rate, with fertility rates of 7.5 in Afghanistan, 6.0 in Yemen, and 4.9 in Iraq.[57] Even these estimates appear to be on the low side. According to CSIS, most official projections underestimate both the fertility rates and age of mortality, as well as making the assumption that life expectancy will grow more slowly in the future, which seems unlikely as world healthcare only continues to get better. Growing Western prosperity relative to other countries with rapidly growing populations and overburdened economies will continue to make the developed nations a target for terrorism. Shortages of food could help to motivate extremism unless the industrialized nations make a determined, visible effort to provide for the worlds poor. (Food production in the next 40 years will need to be significantly higher then ever before in the worlds history to keep the exploding world population from starvation).[58] Urbanization, will continue to increase rapidly According to the Population Reference Bureaus 2006 World Population Data Sheet, Forty-eight percent of the worlds population currently lives in cities. By 2030 that figure is expected to grow to 60 percent, as approximately 2.1 billion more people move to the worlds urban centers.[59] In industrialized nations, on average, more than three-fourths of the population lives in urban areas (urban areas are defined differently for each country).[62] Right now, there are billions of people who live in urban areas who lack adequate clean water, shelter, toilets and hygiene areas, and/or electricity.[63] The problems this raises with reference to crime, violence, and religious extremism is readily apparent. Concentrating the poor, oppressed and powerless in large cloistered urban centers produces conditions ideal for the spread of crime and the type of religious extremism that lends itself to violent ideologies. Chapter IV Old Terrorism Any government that supports, protects or harbours terrorists is complicit in the murder of the innocent and equally guilty of terrorist crimes. George W. Bush Old Terrorism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ethno -nationalist or Ideological, and state sponsored What are the differences between the legitimate tactics used by authorities in the quelling or defence of terrorism, and terrorism itself? Nations at times will use violence to control or manipulate parts of their populace, or use intimidation to get what they desire.[67] A government that is an adversary of Country B may apply terror tactics in an effort to make up for real or perceived inadequacies in conventional warfare capabilities. Repression through terror of the indigenous population of their own country may occur to stop the dissent or violent uprising inside the country that Country B might exploit. Special Operations forces, paramilitary forces and state intelligence assets could conduct terrorist operations against Country B interests both inter-regionally and as far outside the countries borders as the abilities of their external security apparatus will allow to destabilize Country B and bring desired visibility to the sponsoring governments issues. Finally, attacks on Country B on their home soil may be conducted by RMIGs of the state or by other domestic proxies.[68] This is being seen today in Iraq with the Iranian involvement to destabilize Iraq and kill coalition servicemen, as well as Pakistans efforts to destabilize the Jammu and K ashmir region of India. Forms of State Terror Governmental or State terror State involvement in terror State sponsorship of terrorism Turning a blind eye to the harboring/funding of terror groups in their borders[69] Governmental or State terror Governmental or State terror is normally seen when a regime uses threats or outright terror to its own populace to exert power over or suppress them.[73] These weapons were not used against the majority Muslim population in the southern 2/3 of Iraq, where he accomplished his goals using conventional state terror methods. State involvement in terror State involvement in terror includes the activities where government personnel perform operations using terror tactics that are directed against other nations interests, individuals or private groups that have opposing or controversial opinions/actions viewed as counter to that of the state. In essence, it is governmentally authorized terrorism, though these sanctions hardly ever come to public light. Some past examples of this governmentally authorized terrorism are the assassination include the Soviet and Iranian assassination operations aimed at state dissidents who moved abroad for fear of their lives. Additionally, the targeting and destroying (through a covert bombing campaign carried out by Libyan and North Korean intelligence officers) of international airliners was another past example of this form of terrorism.[75] A further form of state involvement in terror is pro-state terror. This is a terror campaign carried out by small groups or individual people who have no authorized status in the system. These type of attacks generally are lacking in official support as well. Pro-state terror may have the end result of a desired outcome which the government wants. In these cases, with official use of violent crime tacitly supported by the authorities, even though the groups or individuals have gone outside the rule of punishment of the terrorists is rare. State sponsorship of terrorism State sponsorship of terrorism, also referred to as state supported terrorism, represents a situation when non-state terrorist organizations are trained, equipped and operationalized by an authorized national governmental agency. A very productive aspects of this support is the providing of safe havens for terrorists organizations.[78] Examples of state sponsorship of terrorism are the overt support by the government of Syria to Hamas as well as Lebanons overt support and backing of Hezbollah. Syrian funding and the providing of safe havens facilitate many training areas in the Beka Valley territory.[81] Chapter V New Terrorism Terrorism is carried out purposefully, in a cold-blooded, calculated fashion. The declared goals of the terrorist may change from place to place. He supposedly fig problems his only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands. BENJAMIN NETANYAHU, International Terrorism New Terrorism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Transnational or Global Jihadism The first efforts to describe a new form of terrorism began to occur in the 1990s, when scholars of terrorism attempted to make sense of a phenomenon they were seeing that did not fit into the previous model of terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s. Attacks such as that of the religious cult Aum Shinrikyo did not make sense without a reconsideration of the old model. In reality, the term new terrorism truly came into its own only after the September 11, 2001 attacks.[82] In a short comparative of the new and old terrorism, it has been stated that: * The new terrorism is justified on religious and apocalyptic grounds, while the old terrorism was rooted in political ideology.[83] * The new terrorism aims at destruction as an end in itself, while the old terrorism used violent destruction as a means to a political end;[84] * The new terrorism is organizationally distinct from the old terrorism. It is hierarchical (has many equally authoritative points of leadership) and horizontal, rather than hierarchical and vertical; it is decentralized rather than centralized;[85] * The new terrorism aims at as much destruction as possible, whether through devastating forms of weaponry or techniques such as suicide terrorism, whereas the old terrorism sought to create a dramatic spectacle with as little damage as possible;[86] More recently, those who write about new terrorism have focused on a perceived new threat of mass casualties caused by chemical, biological or other agents.[89] On the counter point, when one looks holistically and historically at Terrorism, there seems to be no old or new terrorism, just a Darwinistic evolution of violence for political purposes. Even Martha Crenshaw, the noted terrorism expert who is a staunch advocate against the use of the term New Terrorism states the following in comparing and contrasting the goals, methods, and organization of New and Old Terrorism: Goals The new terrorism model assumes uniformly that religion, primarily of those groups with millennial and apocalyptic ideologies, is the main precipitating factor. The new terrorists are said to have ambiguous goals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own sake (i.e., the means are the ends). By contrast, the old terrorism is seen as comprehensible, limited, more specific, and often tied to territory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" thus making the grievance more susceptible to negotiation. How well does the new terrorism model fit the historical record? Crenshaw observes that the religion behind various groups (e.g., Aum Shinrikyo versus Al Qaeda) differs, as do their goals (i.e., local or global). She also notes that some of the old terrorist groups (e.g., the 19th century anarchists and the Red Army Faction) had broad, transnational goals.[90] Means According to the new terrorism model, groups seek to kill as many people as possible and are particularly drawn to weapons of mass destruction, whereas the old terrorism approach assumed that the groups were limited in their means as well as goals. Crenshaw acknowledged that the new terrorism model best fits with respect to this criterion. [91] Organization and structure The new terrorists are decentralized and networked, are inspiration-driven, and often include amateurs. By contrast, the old terrorists are centralized, top-down, professional organizations that are often state sponsored. The new terrorism distinction only partly meets this criterion as many of the old terrorist groups, such as the Red Army faction, were not so monolithic. The bottom line seems to lend itself to seeing terrorism as not new in kind, but in degree and structure.[92] The new terror groups of today (Al Qaeda being the most well known) center mainly around religion as a core for recruitment and promulgation of ideology. Islam is the religion of choice and has found a massive following in Middle Eastern Arab Muslims, especially the Wahabists of Saudi Arabia, but the splinter groups, or those groups loosely associated, have worldwide reach.[93] These organizations differ significantly from more traditional terrorist organizations of past decades. The groups of today do not depend on the sponsorship of a political state, and, unlike the PLO or the IRA, they are not defined by a particular conflict. Instead, these groups operate analogous to the businesses McDonalds or Starbucks. Al Qaeda is the franchise owner, providing financial and logistical support, as well as name recognition, to local, regional and transnational terrorist groups operating in such diverse places as the Philippines, Algeria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Tajikistan, Somalia, Ye men, and Kashmir. Local groups may carry out acts in the name of al-Qaeda in order to bolster their own reputationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ even if they are not receiving support from the organization. This is possible because the ideology that al Qaeda has developed and promulgated focuses their concepts to stress a few main tenants to ensure the survival and spread of the movement. Ensuring the perpetuity of the fight.[94] Obeying the individual obligation to fight Islams enemies regardless of the apparent outcome of battle[95] Institutionalizing a culture of martyrdom[96] Pinpointing Islams enemies through the refining process of jihad, and thus maintaining its identity[97] Establishing pride, brotherhood, and unity in the face of threats to the ummah[98] Creating a parity of suffering with Islams enemiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ especially the Jews and Crusaders[99] Victory is seen in the maladies afflicting Gods enemies, especially economic recession and natural disasters[100] Observing miracles and dreams in jihad, which foretell of divine guidance and ultimate victory for the mujahedeen[101] As long as groups follow these main tenants, and focus their violence against the common enemy, then they are supporting the common cause. Due to this, Scott Atran argues that it is not religion, but group dynamics based off of social needs that fuels the Global Jihadist movement but small-group dynamics involving friends and family that form the diaspora cell of brotherhood and camaraderie on which the rising tide of martyrdom actions is based.[102] As mentioned by Crenshaw above, one of the main improvements of New terrorism is that of decentralized execution of actions that may or may not have been planned by some higher authority. As stated in the United States Air Force Defense Doctrine publication 1, Decentralized execution is, the delegation of execution authority to responsible and capable lower-level commanders to achieve effective span of control and to foster disciplined initiative, situational responsiveness, and tactical flexibility.[103] Chapter VI New Old Terrorism In todays wars, there are no morals. We believe the worst thieves in the world today and the worst terrorists are the Americans. We do not have to differentiate between military or civilian. As far as we are concerned, they are all targets. Osama Bin Laden Time magazine profile (16 September 2001) The Pendulum Swings Back For better or worse (and this author believes it is worsemuch worse) the pendulum is swinging back in the direction of state sponsored terrorism. For nations like Pakistan and Iran, the pendulum never moved, as these countries have been manning, training, equipping, and operationalizing terrorist groups for decades.[108] Iran has consistently been described by the United States as the worlds foremost state sponsor of terrorism. It actively supports terrorist groups, most prominently the Lebanese group Hezbollah.[115]. Iran and Hezbollah Hezbollah, a radical Shiite militia based in Lebanon, is a direct product of funding and training by Irans IRGC (QF). It was formally established in 1982 following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, aimed at uprooting the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) bases there.[119] RMIG takeover of Islamic Nations For other nations that have not been wholly engaged in state sponsored terrorism, there are growing dangers as well. There are two types of new and developing state sponsored terrorism which may very soon roll a number of these nations into the terrorist state fold. The first one, unfortunately, we are all familiar with, as the most accurate example being the Al Qaeda infiltration of Afghanistan. After the Soviet Union finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 the communist Afghani government hung on for three more years, and then was finally overrun by RMIGs.[121] These services and practical, day-to-day contributions to the lives of ordinary citizens will provide a legitimacy and underpinning for future political activities by terrorist organizations. This RMIG sponsored ground root social support, combined with the reality that in almost every country in the Muslim world, western focused terrorism already has the sympathy of a majority of the population and the strong allegiance o f many, will in the near future give rise to terrorist based governments in many middle-eastern countries. The second development in state sponsored terrorism is focused at the western nations, with Europe directly in the crosshairs and North America soon to follow. The most dangerous and most likely future development in the spread of terrorism is that caused by population growth and immigration of Muslims into western lands. The bottom line is that there is a near irreversible trend in the expansion of Islam into Europe and Canada.[125] In essence, Europe in the next 50 years will be of a very different demographic makeup as it is now. Of all population growth in the EU in the last 20 years, 90% has been from immigrants, much of which were Islamic.[126] In France, though the statistics vary, the Islamic fertility rate is considered much higher than the 1.8 of native Frenchmen, as Islamic immigrants make up only 7.5% of the population yet account for 20% of the fertility rate.[128] It is not just France. As of 2001, the Muslim population in Great Britain rose from 82,000 in 1991 to 1,600,000 (Estimated at 2,500,000 today).[131] Compared to the decline in population of a majority of the industrialized nations, The United States (thanks to Latino immigration) will maintain the current fertility rate of 2.11 children per couple, thus providing the body pool to maintain strength in the global economy, as the European Union falls to third place behind the United States and China.[132] Whether it be by overthrow in an unstable middle-eastern country, or out-breeding the populations of western nations, it can be assumed that RMIGs will gain control of (or at least strong influence over) a functioning country in the next half century. If the terrorists do gain control of a country with a fully functioning and stable government, the nature of the game changes drastically. When terrorists becomethe government, all terrorism is state-sponsored The nations wealth, scientists, laboratories and research facilities can be focused to develop weapons of mass destruction of all types for use in the global jihad. Even in the absence of WMD, by gaining the status and legitimacy of a national government, radical Islamists will present western and developed nations with a difficult problem. We have seen in Afghanistan and Pakistan the benefits that a sovereign safe-haven has provided to groups such as Al Qaeda.[133] A more stable, productive nation with a government committed to violent extremism would be considerably more dangerous. Conclusion Thru the centuries, violence with the intent of causing fear, for political or ideological ends, has been common place. From the Sacarii and the Hashhashin, thru the French Revolution to present day terror organizations, terrorism has been a part of society. Though the goals, means and organizational precepts have changed, the basic tenants have not. The trends laid out in Chapter III above show that there are major changes ahead in manifestation and spread of global terrorism in the decades to come. The research has shown that RMIGs are not going away, and in fact, they are gaining membership, power, and legitimacy. RMIGs will eventually gain weapons of mass destruction and will attempt to use these horribly lethal weapons against their perceived enemies. It has been revealed that as the populations continues to drastically climb in the nations that are least able to support the growth, urbanization will also grow without the infrastructure to support it, leading to more abject pove rty. This will further widen the gap between the rich and poor will provide a continued body pool for recruitment into RMIGs. We have seen the historical differences between state sponsored and non-state sponsored terrorism and through the information espoused in this paper, and the extrapolation of present social data, it becomes apparent that a shift, back to state sponsored terrorism, is in the making. Whether it be Governmental or State terror, State involvement in terror, State sponsorship of terrorism, or the turning of a blind eye to the harboring/funding of terror groups in their borders, the industrialized non-Muslim world will suffer more violent attacks in the years to come. Lastly, and most importantly to western countries and industrialized nations, the trends have shown that home grown terrorism in on the rise in many western lands and as the Muslim population increases in these lands, the fertility rate will far outpace that of the historic citizenry, leading to Islamic rule. 42 [1] Terrorism can be traced as the root cause of the war in Afghanistan 2001-2010 and Lebanon 2006 [2] Christianity xxx, Islam à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Al Qaeda/Hamas/Hizballah, Judaism xxx, Buddhism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Aum Shinriko, Hinduism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Shiv Sena/ xxx https://terrorism.about.com/od/groupsleader1/p/Sicarii.htm https://www.ancienthistoricalsociety.org/Hashshashin.html [5] Ibid (This note refers to information on the same page) [6] Altheide, David L Terrorism and the Politics of Fear. Chap 6 pp 114-117. Altamira Press, 2006. And The Relationship Between the Media and Terrorism. Editorial. The Australian National University 2003 https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/robespierre-terror.html Modern History Sourcebook: Maximilien Robespierre: Justification of the Use of Terror [8] [9] XX https://www.encyclopedia.com. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] E-mail from Jonathan [46] Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan ensured that when the west turned a blind eye and gave Pakistan what most extremists regard as an Islamic bomb and then spread the plans far and wide. [47] [48] [49] [50] Video [51] Video [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] Dore Gold, the American Spectator, March/ April 2003 [89] Dore Gold, the American Spectator, March/ April 2003 [90] [91] Martha Crenshaw [92] Martha Crenshaw, [93] [94] Cozzens, op. cit. (2007). [95] Anwar al-Awlaki, Constants on the Path of Jihad (n.d., audio lecture series based on the works of Yusuf al-Uyayree) at: https://islambase.co.uk/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=308It emid=120 (accessed 18 June 2008). Available as a transcript (Mujahid Fe Sabeelillah, transcriber) at: https://www.scribd.com/doc/2407141/Constants-on-the-Path-of-Jihad (accessed 18 June 2008). Also see Shaykh Yusuf Al-Uyayree (As-Sabeel, trans.), Meanings of Victory and Loss in Jihaad (n.d., n.p.), at: https://www.maktabah.net/store/images/35/Meanings%20of%20Victory%20and%20Loss%20in%20Jihaad.pdf (accessed 18 June 2008). [96] Abu Ayman al-Hilali, in Majallat al-Ansar (ed.), The real story of the raids on New York and Washington, in Book commemorates September 11 raid, at: https://www.why-war.com/files/qaeda_ celebrate_911.txt (downloaded March 2005, in authors possession). [97] The essay of Sayf-ad-Din Al-Ansari (no title) in in Majallat al-Ansar (ed.), The real story of the raids on New York and Washington, in Book commemorates September 11 raid, at: https://www.whywar.com/files/qaeda_ celebrate_911.txt (downloaded March 2005, in authors possession). [98] Abu Ubayd al-Qirshi, The 11 September Raid: The Impossible Becomes Possible, in Book commemorates September 11 raid, at: https://www.why-war.com/files/qaeda_celebrate_911.txt (downloaded March 2005, in authors possession). [99] Paz found Al-Fahds article, Risalah fi hukm istikhdam aslihat al-damar al-shamel didh al-kuffar, Rabi` Awwal 1424H (May 2003) online at: https://www.al-fhd.com/rsayl/doc/rsayl.damar.doc (accessed November 2004). Paz notes that the article was also circulated on 23 May 2003 by the The Global Islamic Media Center, at: https://groups.yahoo.com/group/abubanan2/message/221 [100] Regarding economic downturns as foreshadowing victory over the Muslims enemies, see Al-Uyayree, op. cit. (n.d., n.p.). This point about natural disasters was raised on the al-Qaidah in Iraq-linked Sout al-Khilafa (Voice of the Caliphate) television broadcast following the U.S. hurricanes in autumn 2005 (See Move over CBS: Al-Qaeda moves into the News Business, 27 September 2005, at: https://mypetjawa.mu.nu/archives/122982.php, accessed 20 June 2008). [101] For example, see the jihadi literature cited in Hafez, op. cit. (2007); also see Special Reports-Through the eyes of the mujahideen, Janes Islamic Affairs Analyst (1 December 2004). [102] Scott Atran, The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism p.138, 144 [103] AFDD 1, 97. [104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] Movie [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] https://www.babycentre.co.uk/pregnancy/naming/topnames2007/ [131] Movie [132] [133]

Minimum Wage And Its Effect On The Economy - 1015 Words

The In today’s society, people face to many serious issues which affect the society both in a positive and negative ways such as increasing the employment rate and increasing the unemployment rate. The increasing of unemployment rate is caused by some reasons, and one of the problem that causes the high unemployment rate is the issue of minimum wage. Depending on the states in U.S., the price of minimum wage is different, but the low minimum wage may cause the economic condition worse. Minimum wage is the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay. This wage is regulated by the law, so all workers must follow this rule. According to the book, â€Å"Minimum Wages†, the author Neumark, David states, â€Å"in 1938, the U.S. Congress passed a federal minimum wage as part of the Fair Labor Standard Act† (Neumark 1). Since that time, the minimum wage has been regulating and controlling by the law. This minimum wage causes a bad effect to the economy because nobody wants to work with low wage. Therefore, the number of people who quit a job has been increasing, and because of this, the unemployment rate is going to be higher. This issue may cause a big impact to our society and economy in the near future. First of all, if the number of workers quit a job because of the minimum wage, the company will lose workers. Also, a worker who quit a job will lose a job and do not want to start working because all the companies have the same amount of minimum wage. Therefore, it is better for theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Minimum Wage On The Economy1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Minimum Wage on the Economy The controversial topic about increasing minimum wage is debated countless times over the years. Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay an employee permitted by law. The contemporary federal minimum wage is $7.25. Minimum wage applies to all domestic workers but teenagers are the main receivers of minimum wage. Minimum wage has a major effect on the economy. The question is are the effects positive or negative. There are many arguments on whetherRead MoreThe Effect Of Minimum Wage On The Economy Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesI agree with this article, written by Niels Veldhuis, to the extent that minimum wage negatively affects the economy, by increasing unemployment. However, if I were Veldhuis I would have added that the social values of minimum wage may outweigh the negative effects on the economy. This matter is a value judgement, which cannot be proved right or wrong by economics. Veldhuis supports his statement with proof from studies; I will explain these findin gs with further microeconomic theory. I will discussRead MoreThe Effect of Minimum Wage on the American Economy800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effect of Minimum Wage on the American Economy A sensitive topic for many Americans is their income. Many people’s income relies on minimum wage. In 2012, 3.6 million people received an hourly pay at or below the national minimum wage. There is an ongoing debate in Congress as to what the national minimum wage should be. Currently at $7.25, Obama has suggested raising the national minimum wage to $9.00. Depending on a person’s economic perspective, raising minimum wage could be positive or negativeRead MoreThe Effect Of Minimum Wage On The Economy Of The United States932 Words   |  4 Pagesrule of currency has a major effect toward the amount an individual owns. The current world economy, labor is required in order to supply services to whomever is willing to buy. The amount of money distributed and earned throughout the economy feeds the nation s GDP, which shows the stability of the overall economy of that nation. There is an imaginary sequence that must be established in an economy in order to balance both lab or and revenue to stabilize a country’s economy. Labor is an importantRead MoreThe Effects of Raising the Minimum Wage on US Economy1507 Words   |  6 Pagesyear, the minimum wage has been increasing from less than a dollar to $7.25 now. The question that comes to everybody is that should we increase the minimum wage by too far. Does the minimum wage increase reduce the unemployment since now the current wage is high enough? Some people might think that we should increase the minimum wage in order to increase the labor supply. However, if we think deeply than this, there are more disadvantages than advantages of increasing the minimum wage. The fartherRead MoreThe Effect Of Minimum Wage On The Economy Of The United States905 Words   |  4 Pagesrule of currency has major effect toward the amount an individual owns. In the world economy labor is required in order to supply services to whomever is willing to buy. The amount of money distributed and earned throughout the economy feeds the nation s GDP which shows the stabil ity of the overall economy of that nation. There is an imaginary cycle that must be established in an economy in order to balance both labor and revenue in order to stabilize a country economy. Labor is an importantRead MoreA Brief Note On Raising Minimum Wage1088 Words   |  5 PagesBrendan Mason Mrs. Scruggs 08/07/15 Raising minimum Wage There is always talk about the problems of North Carolina’s economy, and these problems then become publicized and put throughout the media, informing people on the condition of their state’s economy. A popular topic lately is the state’s minimum wage, and whether it should be raised or if we should keep the current minimum wage. Usually, opinions vary on what to do about minimum wage, however there certainly seems to be a larger group ofRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal940 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage is now at a steady $7.25 per hour and shows no sign of increasing anytime soon. There are states right now at the time that are trying to raise the minimum wage, and see how this will effect the economy of the area. As prices continue to increase in every day expenses, it becomes hard for us to keep up and be able to provide for our family or get even the basic necessities that we may need. People are saying that with more money, they will spend more back to the economy, thus helpingRead MoreMinimum Wage At The United States1129 Words   |  5 Pagesintended to raise the current minimum wage floor of $7.25 in the United States stalled in Congress. As the November election approaches, many Democratic senate members are placing the issue of minimum wage at the forefront of their election campaigns, hoping to sway working-class voters in their favor. The issue of minimum wage has become a matter of politics, politics which far overshadow the far more pertinent concern of minimum wage’s economic effects. Minimum wage is a complex issue, and understandingRead MoreEffect Of Raising Minimum Wage1215 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Raising Minimum Wage The minimum wage in this country has been a controversial issue. Many people believe it will help reduce poverty and boost the economy. However, they are not looking at the downfalls this will bring to our country. This could make the unemployment population rise, it will raise prices of other things, and would have little effect on reducing poverty. Raising the minimum wage would have a negative influence on our country. This movement throughout our country

Enterprise architecture Free Essays

string(692) " and data being shared, tracked, and monitored\? Are all data models included in existing systems\? – When – Are the scenarios, events, and business cycles reflected in existing systems\? – Whereas – Do all identified locations have access to the existing systems\? – Whys – Do existing systems reflect our goals and objectives, long-term strategic plans, tactical plans, performance measures, budgets, and business rules\? – Wows – Have improved activities and processes been included in existing systems, and do they reflect end-to-end processing\? CIO: I am interested in how you would increase responsibilities of organizations and actors\." February 12, 2011 This article includes my thoughts about the business architecture, Cloud Computing, Business Process Management (BPML), and Business Rules. This article consists of a conversation between the CIO and Enterprise Architect. It is a product of my imagination. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterprise architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now CIO: I don’t want you to use the word â€Å"consolidation. † Instead, use the word â€Å"integration. † I am worried that someone will think that we are working on the consolidation of programs or organizations, rather than improving our architecture to serve the business. Again, I don’t want you to get involved in discussions about hanging the organization structure of the agency. How do you see your roll vs.. The rolls of the other directors? Enterprise Architect: I would like to support them with the knowledge I have at my disposal, but they are not interested. One day they may realize how they can use the Enterprise Architecture. I think of Enterprise Architecture as the substructure, which supports the business, the superstructure. The Director of Capital Planning and Investment Control should use the Enterprise Architecture migration plan to formulate future investments. A portion of the Enterprise Architecture has security concerns, including all 4 layers: cuisines, applications, data, and technology. We develop standards for all layers of the Enterprise Architecture, except business standards; although, we may be asked to coordinate some business standards. Both communications and security should use the models contained in the Enterprise Architecture Framework or propose changes to the models in the framework. CIO: What do you want me to do? Enterprise Architect: Get the cooperation of your direct reports. CIO: You will get it. Go over the business architecture, current architecture, and target architectures again. Enterprise Architect: The comparison between the business and current architecture is the foundation for the data, applications, and technology target architectures. This comparison answers the question, â€Å"Are we satisfying our business requirements in the current architecture? † The business architecture or model includes the following: – Defines the mission and objectives, long-range strategies, tactical plans, performance measures, budgets, and business rules. Why) – Defines the information and data that is shared, monitored, and tracked. (What) – Defines the activities that are performed and a description of each. How) – Defines the organizations and actors performing the activities. (Who) – Defines where the activities are performed. (Where) – Defines the business cycles and when activities or processes are performed. (When) In the busines s architecture, we develop mappings between all 6 of the Coachman interrogatories, including who, what, when, where, why, and how. The business architecture is mapped to the current architecture, and then opportunities for improvement are documented. Targets are developed for data, applications, and the technology layers of the architecture using the business architecture and other analyses. The business architecture constitutes our requirements at the agency level. CIO: This is the first time I have heard about opportunities for improvement. Are you going to produce a report with recommendations as a result of the comparison between the business architecture and the current architecture? Enterprise Architect: Yes. Here is the way it works: 1. Create the Business Architecture We produce a business architecture, which reflects the current way of doing business and contains all sorts of information and data associated with the 6 interrogatives in the Coachman Framework. We also develop mappings between the interrogatives. The business architecture describes the current business practices, including, data, processes, etc. 2. Map the Business Architecture to the Current Architecture and Identify Opportunities for Improvement We propose a draft listing of the conceptual projects and associated common applications/components and data objects and progressively refine it. We produce a current architecture, which tells us about the existing systems. We map the business architecture to the current architecture and we may find out, for example, that there are a large number of current systems associated with a single activity or no systems associated with other activities. All current projects are mapped to the conceptual projects. 3. Create the Data, Applications, and Technology Target Architectures based on the Business Architecture and Other Analyses We produce data, applications, and technology target architectures, which are partially based on the business architecture. Also, we use BPML, technology forecasts, judgments about the future uses and characteristics of information, opportunities to automate aspects of work, future business trends, new 2 goals/objectives and plans, etc. As the basis for coming up with the target architectures. 4. Compare the Current Architecture with the Target Architectures and Produce a Gap Analysis and a Migration Plan The business architecture helps us to evaluate the present and to propose the future. We use the business architecture as a resource wherever we can; for example, it might contribute to BPML and business rules and visa versa. We are concentrating on an application architecture now, and we will issue several versions. As more analyses are completed, we will refine the applications architecture. We will move to data and technology layers soon. CIO: How do I know what you are going to include in each version? Enterprise Architect: There is no overall version plan. We probably should include BPML in the second version of the applications architecture. We previously developed a longer plan to implement Enterprise Architecture. CIO: I think that there should be a version plan. Also, â€Å"soon† is not an adequate answer. I am beginning to be irritated with the staggered development of the Enterprise Architecture. Enterprise Architect: We can come up with a version plan, and give you the long-term plan for the completion of the application, data, and technology target architectures. CIO: You are going to produce a report entitled: â€Å"Opportunities for Improvement† after you have completed the business architecture and have compared it with the current architecture. Maybe you should consider it a â€Å"rolling stone† and Just keep updating it. Enterprise Architect: The â€Å"Opportunities for Improvement Report† might include the following: – Whoso – Who is missing or not being informed? Who do existing systems address or not address? Can organizations and actors be given increased responsibility? – What’s – Is the necessary information and data being shared, tracked, and monitored? Are all data models included in existing systems? – When – Are the scenarios, events, and business cycles reflected in existing systems? – Whereas – Do all identified locations have access to the existing systems? – Whys – Do existing systems reflect our goals and objectives, long-term strategic plans, tactical plans, performance measures, budgets, and business rules? – Wows – Have improved activities and processes been included in existing systems, and do they reflect end-to-end processing? CIO: I am interested in how you would increase responsibi lities of organizations and actors. You read "Enterprise architecture" in category "Papers" Can you talk to me about costs? I noticed you include budgets in the Why Column. Enterprise Architecture: Generally costs are in the Why column along with goals, objectives, long-term strategic plans, tactical plans, performance measures, and business rules. If a project is not budgeted, then it cantata be taken seriously. Costs can be sorted in various ways. CIO: Maybe you should sort costs by each target architecture, that is, applications, data, and technology. Enterprise Architect: Good idea. However, we can’t do that until we have a migration plan, because focusing on costs now would be premature. CIO: What is Cloud Computing? Enterprise Architect: Cloud Computing is like running your PC off of Software as a Service (AAAS), and might include query engines, operating systems, program and business APS, etc. CIO: How does Cloud Computing know our requirements for our program and administrative APS? Is Cloud Computing our new target? Enterprise Architect: Cloud Computing may offer certain advantageous, which we may find attractive. If it doesn’t satisfy our requirements, including our standards, then we may not be interested in Cloud Computing. Every day, we are getting a better Andre on our agency requirements and I think we can take a critical look at this new way of providing IT support. CIO: You know the most about our APS and standards; so, I expect that you will keep your eye on this issue. What are MOB and others saying about Cloud Computing? Enterprise Architect: There are several security concerns related to Cloud Computing that I have heard discussed at forums and seminars. First, our data will be stored in other places, and wherever our data is located, it needs to be protected; so, we need to clearly delineate our security requirements. Second, we also expect efficient revive without diminishing our security requirements. Third, more parties will be involved and we need to understand how they interact and their promises and guarantees. I think that MOB would like to see the IT federal footprint decrease, and Cloud Computing may be one meaner to do this. However, there is a trend toward the increase in the flow of data, and an increased emphasis on data ownership. I don’t expect that Cloud Computing will eliminate the need for planning, but it is particularly important that it satisfy the agency in terms of efficiency and security. CIO: I don’t want t o be forced to â€Å"buy a pig in the poke. There was a lot of pressure to move forward with an integrated Enterprise Architecture, which contains standards and approvals. I am wondering if MOB is changing our target? I am sure that Cloud Computing will require that we give up a certain degree of control. I am also worried about the costs and the loss of expertise. Enterprise Architect: As our Enterprise Architecture work progresses, we increasingly have a better understanding of our requirements. CIO: You have indicated that you are developing the applications architecture first. Why didn’t you develop the applications and data architectures in parallel? I am being approached by BPML contractors as you know and I asked you to do some research on the subject. When will you give it to me? Enterprise Architect: We should have developed the applications and data architectures together, since they are closely related to one another. Here is a table that summarizes my BPML research. I think that BPML would offer tremendous value for further refining our target architecture, and I believe that the Coachman Framework contributes to the design of improved processes. A few things are worth noting from my BPML research. See: Enclosure (1)). 1) Both recesses and outcomes are important. Many citizens come into contact with the agency through processes. Of course, the government tends to focus on output rather than outcomes, because outputs are often more achievable than outcomes. 2) Integration and standardization reduces fragmentation and enables the processes to be more efficient and effective. 3) The data, processes, and business rules are imp ortant. Processes should be ended- end. Data models can be augmented with business rules, which limit and control processes. ) Forward engineering, BPML, business rules, and technology forecasts, among others, re valuable to develop the data, applications, and target architectures. As they say, it would be wise to make changes to processes up-front rather than making these changes down stream. We know the processes associated with the information exchanges, particularly our interchanges with the public. We can use that to focus on priority processes. Additionally, we produced value streams associated with the value chain and various scenarios, particularly related to threats. Finally, there are a number of 5 key data models that contain very important processes. All of this can be used to â€Å"kick start† BPML. BPML takes considerable time and effort to create improved processes, particularly if you are going to select a preferred alternative from a comparison of similar processes. A process may be undertaken in many ways by the bureaus, using different combinations of activities, data, people, time limitations, goals, objectives, and business rules. CIO: Following up on a comment you previously made, I want the citizen to have more responsibility. I think you are the logical person to do BPML. Enterprise Architect: In addition to the 40 value streams and other scenarios, we developed data models which include processes. In the data model â€Å"Customers place orders,† â€Å"place orders† is the process. We have tons of data models of this sort. I am willing to identify business rules associated with these data models. However, I think we need to depend on our BPML community to do BPML. CIO: There is no BPML community. I am afraid that you are it. I count on you to explore ways to improve how we can further serve the business. Talk to me about business rules. What do business rules have to do with BPML? Enterprise Architect: Business rules are important because you can change the behavior of the organization by changing the business rules. Both business rules and BPML focus on processes. According to Ron Ross, â€Å"A business rule sets limitations and controls on a process. † I have prepared an enclosure that explains business rules. (See: Enclosure (2)). You will note that both BPML and Enterprise Architecture use similar language. Additionally, I did not identify the business rules as part of business architecture and I think this was a mistake. John Coachman classifies business rules in his framework at a lower level. However, I no longer agree with this. I believe that the data model, processes, and business rules are closely interconnected and are critical to defining the business architecture. CIO: Maybe John Coachman wanted us to first develop the data models and later add the business rules to them. Just give me a plan for the versions that includes the ideas we have discussed. Also, when the time comes, I am not going to stop any of the existing projects. The new project managers can sort this out. Finally, I have assembled some Youth videos on Enterprise Architecture, BPML, and business rules. (See: Enclosure (3)) What I would like you to do is take a look at them, and come up with your own videos. If you want to hire experts to do the video that is fine. Maybe we should start with Enterprise Architecture. Enterprise Architect: Okay. George Brigandage received a B. A. From Wright State University and M. A. From the University of Cincinnati. He retired in June 2004, from the federal government and 6 lives in Ocean View, Delaware, and Alexandria, Virginia. He was an Enterprise Architect at the Department of the Treasury and the Department of Homeland Security. Before that, he Emceed the Architectures Program for several years at the General Services Administration (AS) and the Department of the Treasury. He may e reached at cell 703. 772. 7410 and at George. brundage@yahoo. Com. His articles are on the web at http://enterprisearchitectureit. Info. 7 Enclosure (1) Business Process Management This table summarizes the key points from the following publications. The categories in this table are merely groupings of BPML actions that were mentioned in the publications: 1 . President Beam’s book, The Audacity of Hope, published in 2006. 2. Customer Service Excellence, Using Information Technologies to Improve Service Delivery in Government, Harvard University, 1994. 3. Citizen-Enabling Open Government (EEOC) Executive Summary for ideas. This report was produced by ACT-IAC Enterprise Architecture Shared Interest Group (SIGH), September 2010. ) 4. Federal Government Business Process Reengineering: Lessons Learned, February 1994, published by AS. Categories Share information and effectively manage programs. Responsive to citizens’ needs. Treat all with dignity and What BPML Has Done or Might Do – Share information and data. – Increase integration and standardization to prevent fragmentation. – Provide one face to the citizens. – Develop data standards and business rules. – Provide suites of commonly shared services. – Use technology effectively . Develop a citizen service strategy that includes technology, human resources, skill development, and incentives. – Provide timely response to the citizen. – Develop performance measures, associated with ended-end processes and outcomes. Take ownership of the entire process. – Describe the business or make it explicit. (See: – Identify the needs of the citizens. – Use multiple vehicles to communicate with the public, including: web sites, videos (The success of Youth, which provides some degree of video training, is astounding. ), and video teleconferencing. – Use focus groups, surveys. Provid e the public with access to the government’s databases. – Provide education and training, including long distance 8 respect. Provide the same level of service to all. Gather needed information. Clearly explain things. Develop effective and efficient processes and use technology creatively. Do things better, faster, and cheaper. Protect the public from harm. Give citizen’s their moneys worth. Education, so citizens can obtain the benefits they need and budget for innovative training. – Develop standards and consistently apply business rules (Business rules must be transparent, consistent, ND explicit to enable effective regulation. ) – Provide language services. – Use alternative locations and organizations like libraries and kiosks to obtain information and distribute benefits. Protect privacy 12 How to cite Enterprise architecture, Papers

Innovation and Perspectives of Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Perspectives of Management. Answer: Introduction: The above article was written by Ayse Birsel in the Harvard Business Review dated August 16, 2017. The central message of the article is creativity and ways to increase it. There are different synonyms that are associated with this broad term. It could refer to innovation, imagination or inventiveness. It is that power which is used to produce original ideas, concepts or trends that impact the society positively. Within the context of this article, creativity can result from wrong thinking which leads to positive outcomes (Birsel 2017). This is the primary content of the article and postulates that ideas which may look bad may actually turn out to be creative and revolutionary. The primary content is captured well within the heading of the article. Wrong thinking or reverse thinking is postulated as an alternative way of thought that is outside of the conventional norms. The primary content on wrong thinking is underpinned by three core principals. These principles serve to enable innovation and discovery. The first principle is the ability to take on the role of being a beginner. In the eyes of a beginner, a given situation or perspective has multiple possibilities, compared to the expert, who has a limited view. Menara Haryadi (2011), states that this ability is not dependent on age or seniority: one can learn from those who are junior and less experienced than them Another principle postulated is that of granting agency to other people. This in effect means giving people the latitude to be who they are. It gives them license to engage their creativity without the constraints of organizational hierarchy. It allows them to be risk takers and to think outside of the box (Gholamreza Memarzadeh Fatemeh 2014). It also extends to giving people the chance to be responsible for their actions and this makes them agents who contribute to solving problems. The last principle is that of eliminating the obstacles that are inherent within hierarchical structures. The bureaucratic set up within institutions stifles innovation and creativity (Paul, Ionut Sorin-George 2016). While being useful in maintaining boundary lines of authority, it does not encourage creativity. It encourages the culture of playing it safely so as to be absolved from blame. This reduces creativity in hierarchical organizations and should be removed. The article presents several supporting details. Fred Sanger used reverse thinking in contributing to the breakthroughs that resulted in the sequencing of the human genome. Other examples are given of people who chose to think outside of the expected norms. Perhaps the most important supporting example is that of Lisa Rotzinger and her boss Mickey McManus. Lisa took on the role of her boss for a period of two weeks and went on to give a presentation to more than 400 executives. Recommendation Organizations should learn to encourage thinking that is contrary to the expected norms in order to stimulate creativity. Instead of looking at some employees as being loose cannons, the same should be nurtured as they may add value in generating solutions. Companies should encourage the generation of concepts that challenge the current mentality of doing business. Creating a team that seeks to probe the current organizational weakness through reverse thinking would be a good starting point in encouraging creativity. References Birsel, A, 2017, To come up with a good idea, start by imagining the worst idea possible, Harvard Business Review. Gholamreza Memarzadeh, T, Fatemeh, K , 2014, 'An investigation on the effects of personal characteristics on creativity and innovation', Management Science Letters, Vol 4, Iss 7, Pp 1495-1498 (2014), no. 7, p. 1495. Available from: 10.5267/j.msl.2014.6.014. Menara, S, Haryadi, S 2011, 'Stimulating and Nurturing Professionalisms, Creativity and Innovation in Organization', Binus Business Review, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp 244-259 (2011), no. 1, p. 244. Paul, M, Ionut, C, Sorin-George, T, 2016, 'Creativity, Innovation and the Perspectives of Management', Management and Economics Review, Vol 1, Iss 2, Pp 71-81 (2016), no. 2, p. 71.